IT In Financial Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT In Financial Organizations - Essay Example Various technologies have been invented to automate certain business functions of an organization. The type of technology depends totally on the type of operation and the organization's infrastructure support. The financial institutions have adapted to various advanced technologies so as to enhance the services they provide to the customers dependent on the upgraded business processes. Many financial institutions collect the information related to individual customers such as their personal details and their financial details associated with the institutions and various businesses carried out over a period of time. This is information is then processed and then certain data can be obtained automatically by implementing certain technologies. Asset Management serves the investment needs of institutions, governments and government agencies around the world. An asset can be defined as anything owned by an individual that has a cash value, including property, goods, savings, and investments. Asset management, therefore, refers to the management of the assets by money managing teams. Though the major emphasis is on managing the investment portfolios of a company, asset management also includes management of physical assets such as money, equipment and property, as also the non-tangible assets such as information and the workflow processes (ittoolkit, 2007). Assets, in any commercial set up, include the monetary investments, plants, infrastructure and its human resources. Asset management is, therefore, a process that aims at the optimum utilization of resources for maximum returns at the minimum investment or costs. The first priority of any asset management team is to identify the company's 'assets' or resources. Once these are identified, the team can then focus on the business process or, in other words, understand the functioning of the tangible or non-tangible assets (netsimplicity, 2005). Preparing the monetary investment portfolios is an important aspect of asset management. The investment portfolios give a clear picture of the income- expenditure ratio, as well as the financial status of a company. Based on the study, the asset management team can remove deficiencies, or modify the investment structure to maximize returns. Property, plant, and equipment are the tangible assets of the company. Asset management involves the study and analysis of the actual property on which the plant is built and all the equipment that is required to run the business. Plant and equipment need effective management. Their depreciation values needs to be studied. Their analysis helps the team to arrive at a decision whether to repair or replace machinery in order to reduce running costs. Human Resources include the non-tangible resources of the company. Managing human resources involves studying individuals, departments; divisions, planning for improvement of skills, improving comfort level and security, and, thereby evolving a policy for maximum output by the employees (Cole, 2006). Ensuring accurate tax and paying for these on time is also one of the ways which companies consider an attractive option rendered by asset management. Depreciation, amortization,

Leadership Versus Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership Versus Management Essay Introduction: Management versus Leadership Leadership can take on many meanings, be viewed in many different ways and is often misconstrued with management. To understand leadership and management a clear definition has to exist and the person(s) involved in leading or managing must have clear insight of what expectations are required to reach a specific goal. Therefore, this research paper as identified by this author will define leadership and management as they are defined in the Websters Dictionary and other scholarly approved references. In addition, this paper will state a personal philosophy of eadership and management and will unpack and explain the language used in each definition. Second, this paper will identify success in leadership for becoming a great leader, and then compare and contrast leadership and management. Finally, the conclusion will summarize the entire paper by stating what is essentially more important, leadership or management. A Personal Philosophy of Leadership In order to understand leadership, the definition ofa leader must be stated. As indicated in the dictionary, a leader is someone who leads, is in front or who takes charge. The word lead means to guide (The Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2004). As stated by an author, Leaders take the lead. That is, they initiate ideas and plans. Leaders move people to follow them by showing them consideration! (Ford 1991 , 25) This author understands a leader to be one who influences and encourages another to follow in doing something great. This author defines leadership as the process of, through the power and direction of God, learning how to build relationships with others, allowing them an opportunity to expound on different ideas and thoughts, growing together in knowledge and working together in harmony to accomplish a mutual goal (Sharp 2007). Leadership is the ability to be responsible, ethical, and have impeccable moral qualities. It is not Just being responsible, ethical, and moral while working within or on a Job, but it is maintaining that standard and continuing to live that lifestyle at all times. It is not the leader saying do what I say, but not as I do. Rather, it is dedicating life to God allowing Him to enhance the character required for being that great leader. An extremely profound definition of Christian Leadership was stated this way: Christian leadership is a relationship based on Gods Love which is imitated by the participants, the leader(s) and follower(s). They both work together in a mutual, accountable, dynamic relationship of duel influence with one another and the whole of the organization, for the purpose of accomplishing shared, God given, visions, purposes and goals (Sharp 2007). This definitions center is the love of God. As understood by this author, the love flows through both the leader(s) and follower(s). This love will allow both the ability to work together creating a powerful relationship whereby both will not only be able to influence each other, but will be able to influence others as well, until ultimately they ave completed and accomplish that mutual goal. Another author defined leadership this way: Christian leadership is a dynamic relational process in which people, under the influence of the Holy Spirit, partner to achieve a common goal it is serving others by leading and leading others by serving

Neglected Side Of Leadership Phenomenon The Followers Management Essay

Neglected Side Of Leadership Phenomenon The Followers Management Essay Much has been said about leadership. From the organizational leaders, supervisory leaders, team leaders, political leaders, religious leaders and the name can be given to any role. The most neglected aspect is the one which is named follower and the one who makes the leader worthwhile. In the most concrete and obvious term leader and follower are the two sides of a single hand. Followership, on the other hand, is rarely brought up when leadership is being discussed, in spite of its obvious importance in the grand leadership plan (Kelley, 1988). Leadership is not one-dimensional; leadership is system thinking in multiple dimensions. In terms of systems thinking, the inclusion of organizational performers (followers) in the leadership process complements the notion that leaders are only responsible for about 20% of the work that is completed in an organization (Kelley, 1992). This paper is about exploring the importance of followers in the leadership phenomenon. Leadership: Leadership is the combination of tangible skills and personality to motivate people to accomplish goals. The focus of leadership is to direct organizational performers to accomplish organizational goals in an effective and timely manner. The characteristics of leadership include goals and values. As stated by Burns (1978), leadership is . . . inducing followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations- of both leader and followers (p. 19). Followership: Organizations exist in every form of society and are prevalent in the basic day-to-day operations of life (Kelley, 1992) and definitions of organizations vary in many ways. Barnard (1938) defined an organization as [a] system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons (p. 81). The combination of two or more persons working together implies the leader-follower scheme exists and, as with leadership styles, followers exhibit styles of followership. The leader-member exchange model: The leader-member exchange (LMX) model has been offered by Graen and his colleagues (e.g., Graen Wakabayashi, 1994) as an alternative approach to the study of leadership. In contrast to traditional models that imply that a leader exhibits a similar leadership style toward all members of a work group, the LMX model suggests that leaders may develop different types of relations with different members of the same work group. In this respect, the model depicts leader-follower relations (exchanges) as existing on a continuum ranging from high to low quality. The leader member exchange model proposed four grounds on which leader and follower interacts these are Attitudinal Similarity. Similarity is one of the most central theoretical and empirical constructs in cognitive psychology (Medin, Goldstone, Gentner, 1993). Within the field of management, the similarity-attraction effect provides the conceptual foundation for much research on organizational demography (Tsui, Egan, OReilly, 1992). The LMX model suggests that attitudinal similarity is an important influence on leader and follower interactions, being a prime determinant of successful ongoing relationship. Introversion and Extraversion: Years of research have convinced many investigators that the twin constructs of introversion and extraversion are a central dimension of personality (McCrae John, 1992). Introversion/extraversion is a broad dimension that deals with the interpersonal activity so important in leader-follower relations. To the extent that the LMX model suggests that followers are able to influence the quality of their interactions with leaders, it is possible that extraverted followers, seeking interpersonal relations, would attempt a high level of inter-action with leaders not only to gain the satisfaction of interacting, but also to enhance the possibility of being assigned stimulating tasks. Such behavior corresponds closely with that underlying high-quality leader-follower exchange. Locus of Control: Research has repeatedly shown locus of control to be an important construct for explaining workplace behavior (Spector, 1982). Individuals with an internal locus of control generally feel that they can control events in their lives and perceive personal initiative to be largely instrumental in attaining success. In contrast, individuals who generally feel that outside or environmental forces determine what happens in their lives, who are said to have an external locus of control, ascribe little or no value to initiative because they view success as to some extent unrelated to effort. Of interest here is the tendency of those with an internal locus of control (henceforth, internals) regarding situational control (Strickland, 1989). That is, because internals believe they can control a work setting through their own initiative and independence of action, they should attempt to achieve more control than do externals if they believe the control will lead to desired outcomes. Thus, as Spe ctor (1982) predicted and Blau (1993) reported internals will probably attempt to control performance outcomes via initiative based rather than compliant behaviors. Initiative-based behaviors could include attempting negotiations relating to operating procedures and policies, work assignments, working conditions, and work schedules. In the leader member exchange model, such leader-follower negotiation is characteristic of high-quality exchanges. Growth Need Strength Growth need strength is a personal attribute that concerns a persons desire to grow and develop as an individual. As an explanatory construct, growth need strength is a central concept in understanding the influence of job characteristics (Kulik Oldham, 1988). Graen and Scandura (1987) contended that having some work group members with job-growth potential (ability) and the motivation to accept challenges beyond their job descriptions contributes to the success of leader-follower exchanges. These four dimensions of personality through leader member exchange model depict the importance of relationship between leader and follower. Through empirical findings it was clear that whenever leader and follower have a balance in their personality outcomes are more significant. Kellys style of follower ship: Leader and follower are the two sides of same domain which is how to get best out of circumstances. The relationship between follower and leader exists and cannot be denied. As leader exhibits styles so the follower also exhibits style. Kelley (1992) defined followership styles as exemplary . . . alienated . . . conformist . . . pragmatist . . . and passive (p. 97). These styles constitute the basis of the Kelley followership model and relate the followership styles to individual personality attributes in terms of thinking and acting in organizations. Individual thinking attributes are (a) independent critical, (b) dependent critical, (c) active, or (d) passive. These thinking attributes, like the styles of followership and leadership, give dimension to the philosophical notion of followership. Alienated followers are mavericks who have a healthy skepticism of the organization. They are capable, but cynical. Conformist followers are the yes people of the organizations. They are very active at doing the organizations work and will actively follow orders. Passive followers rely on leaders to do the thinking for them. They also require constant direction. Exemplary followers are independent, innovative, and willing to question leadership. This type of follower is critical to organizational success. The Leadership-Exemplary Followership Exchange Model: Exemplary Followership: The style of followership coined by Kelly provides the philosophical basis for followership research. The exemplary followers are the one who makes leaders effective. Banutu-Gomez (2004) stated that To succeed, leaders must teach their followers not only how to lead: leadership, but more importantly, how to be a good follower: followership (p. 143). Schaubroeck and Lam (2002) stated, Regardless of work unit individualism/collectivism, supervisors were more likely to form trusting, high-commitment [relationships] with subordinates who were similar to them in personality (p. 1132). This statement supports Johnsons (2003) conclusion that . . . followership modality variation . . . revealed that followers generally reflect modality that corresponds with the leaders style and behavior (p. 110). Johnsons conclusion and Banutu-Gomezs contention that leaders must teach their followers to be good followers, displays a connection to Kelleys (1992) notion that exemplary followership can be taught. To develop exemplary followership, leaders must educate organizational performers to become exemplary followers by demonstrating the exemplary followership attribu tes as developed by Kelley. The following 15 attributes define exemplary followership. Exemplary followers, according to Kelley (1992), 1. Think for themselves 2. Go above and beyond the job 3. Support the team and the leader 4. Focus on the goal 5. Do an exceptional job on critical path activities related to the goal 6. Take initiative on increasing their value to the organization 7. Realize they add value by being who they are, their experiences and ideals 8. Structure their daily work and day-to-day activities 9. See clearly how their job relates to the enterprise 10. Put themselves on the critical path toward accomplishment 11. Make sure the tasks they are to perform are on the critical path 12. Review their progress daily or weekly 13. Increase their scope of critical path activities 14. Develop additional expertise 15. Champion new ideas. (pp. 126-166) Relationships and Culture Building relationships while identifying with the leader of an organization and their vision is essential to good followership. Jehn and Bezrukova (2003) contended that followership is a people oriented behavior, and this behavior builds relationships between leaders and other followers, providing an environment that promotes all organizational members to focus on a common goal. Jehn and Bezrukova suggested that good followers may be a catalyst for change in an organization as followership Inspires others to follow toward a common goal; creates enthusiasm and desire to excel; fully engages others; builds confidence; moves the organization ahead as one entity rather than separate parts (p. 728). As relationships are important between leaders and followers, the quality of these relationships are equally important factors in developing an organizational culture of followers who maintain the characteristics that promote good followership. Werlin (2002) contended that good followership relationships must build on motivation rather than control, and that instilling values into followers is essential to developing a culture of trust and good relationships. The balance of power between leader and follower; however, must be maintained in order to provide a culture of openness that promotes self-engagement. A good relationship between followership to leadership requires that both leader and follower share elements of each (Schruijer Vansina, 2002). Schruijer and Vansina contended that the characteristics of leaders and followers define the relationship that becomes followership and leadership. Wong (2003) contended that organizational cultures must involve and value all members of the organization, and that the characteristics of all members define the roles of leaders and followers. The identification and sharing of roles lead to LEFX. Transformational Leadership and Followership Bass (1990) suggested the implementation of transformational leadership could change followers into leaders. Humphreys and Einstein (2004) contended that transformational leadership could motivate followers to be self-directing and increase follower performance. Changing followers to become self-motivated, self-directive and a leader from within is consistent with Kelleys (1992) exemplary followership style. These examples from the literature fall short of explaining the perceptions these followers have of the change from the follower perspective, as the perspective is consistently from the leaders point of view. Dvir, Eden, Avolio, and Shamir, (2002) longitudinal field study attempted to examine follower development as opposed to leader development in terms of followership, but the result of Dvir et al.s study contended that transformational leadership improves a followers ability to think for themselves, thus continuing the theme that leadership makes the follower. However, exchang es of roles between leader and follower aid in the development of motivation and trust to form the LFX. Leader Follower Roles Townsend (2002) contended that the roles of leaders and followers change from that of follower to leader and back again, depending on the situation and demands of the organization. At times, followers can determine their faith in this role reversion, but other times, leadership must inspire the followers to be followers and eventually leaders (Jehn Bezrukova, 2003). Jabnoun, Juma, and Rasasi (2005) found that charismatic leaders are able to instill a sense of purpose and vision in followers who will inspire the followers to identify with the leader. Identification with the leaders vision is essential to motivating and inspiring followers to lead. Active Engagement Solovy (2005) stated, Exemplary followers work beyond the expected to produce exemplary results (p. 32). This statement provides an element of active engagement of exemplary followership, and a review of the literature (Dvir Shamir, 2003; Johnson, 2003; Petrausch, 2002; Solovy, 2005) pertaining to followership and active engagement has yielded a connection between active engagement and followership. In a longitudinal study, Dvir and Shamir found that collectivistic orientation, critical-independent approach, [to follower development] active engagement in the task, and self-efficacy, positively predicted transformational leadership among indirect followers (p. 327) Theories by Kelley (1992), Barnard (1938), and Chaleff (2003) implied that good followers actively engage and think for themselves. This supports the relationship between active engagement and followership in a way that complements the theories. The systems that support follower active engagement remain diverse in the developmental process, leader influence; individual performer character, learning, and the follower understanding of their role in an organization are key factors in developing a good followership mentality that supports active engagement. To implement change in an organization, the exemplary follower must understand transformational change and the role the follower has in transformation. Both leadership philosophies of Kelley (1992) and Barnard (1938) emphasize teams as well as informal and formal organizations. Barnards philosophy contends that an organization . . . is a system composed of the activities of human beings (p. 77). This is in essence a team, and as stated by Barnards observation that cooperation is essential for an organization to function, suggests the notion of teamwork. This realization of cooperative systems is a germinal element of teaming and an integral part of followership. In comparison, Kelley (1992) embraced teaming as a component of followership. Followership promotes self-reliance among team members, and this self-reliance provides leaders with less need to lead and thus, develops followership (Kelley). A model for Leadership-Followership Exchanges As long as there have been leaders, there have been followers, and leaders cannot accomplish what they do without followers (Kelley, 1992). Newell (2002) suggested that a growing trend in leadership is to inspire followership, and to this end, coaching and mentoring leaders to transform their followers into good followers is essential in todays business environments. Managers must participate actively in the forming of good follower relationships (Vince, 2002) if managers are to benefit from the Leader-Follower Exchanges that promote sharing organizational goals consistent with enterprise wide vision and values. Figure 1 the Leadership-Exemplary Followership Exchange model illustrates the cycle of leadership-Exemplary Followership Exchanges based on relationships and culture, transformational leadership and followership, leader follower roles, active engagement, and development of exemplary followership as defined by Kelley (1992). The concept developed by the LEFX model provides for a culture of organizational leadership that originates from the bottom up. Relationships developed between leaders and followers must be open to dialogue regarding the vision of the organization. Shared vision between leaders and followers will develop a culture of trust and lead to active engagement of followers. Leaders must educate follower to be exemplary followers and as such, provide followers with a sense of confidence that they have the knowledge to lead themselves as an active engaged member of the organization. This model provides a cycle of relationship between leader and follower. It presents a framework for the exemplary followers to become leaders in the future. Overcoming Adversity: The Impact of Leadership Attributes or Traits 1. Honesty or integrity 2. A high level of people skills 3. Initiative, assertiveness, drive, or determination 4. Excellent communication skills or willingness to speak up, take a Position, or take charge 5. Vision (being forward-looking) 6. Desire or passion to lead and inspire 7. Positive attitude and self-confidence; charisma 8. Knowledge of the business and/or group task at hand; competence 9. The ability to overcome adversity or obstacle 10. Being a Servant-Leader, serving people, and especially being humble 11. Having both religious faith and strong family ties 12. Framing or recognizing the worst adversity as an opportunity 13. Having a mentor or mentors in their development as leaders Haller (2008, pp.13-14) Leadership Attributes or Traits, and Transformational Leadership Research Starting back in the 1980s there was a resurgence of researchers updating the academic literature with their findings, repackaging, and comments leadership trait theory. Many of the leadership scholars focused there framing on leadership traits in the context of discussing transformational leadership. Review of Recent Research on Individual Traits or Attributes The findings, re-naming and framing of trait theory and transformational, or situational leadership research was led by scholars such as, Blanchard and Johnson (1982), Blanchard, Zigarmi, and Zigarmi (1985), Kouzes and Posner (2002), Peters and Waterman (1982), Peters and Austin (1985), and Peters (1987). Peters and his co-authors commented on trait theory by adding their concept of excellence as the objective of leadership success. Much of the leadership theory research focused on the important effects of being a transformational leader. A great number of the studies done on traits by researchers in the first half of the twentieth century used young children or high school/college students as their subjects (Bass Stogdill, 1990, pp. 59-77). Much of the research done on leadership traits after 1950 focused on business managers, major company CEOs, and recent college graduates entering management training programs in large firms (pp. 78-88). By the second half of the twentieth century, the theory that leaders were born had been rejected by several major researchers, including Bennis (1989, p. 5), Gardner (1990, p. xv), and Kotter (1990, pp. 103-107). Van Fleet and Yukl (1986) held that certain characteristics improved a leaders chance of success and that those characteristics included initiative and fortitude. Manns (1959) research on leadership documented the positive relationship between the personal traits of intelligence, adjustment, extroversion, dominance, masculinity, and sensitivity. The work by Jago (1982) asserted that there is a set of qualities or characteristics which can be attributed and measured in those who are perceived to successfully employ such characteristics (pp. 317-319). Jago concluded that leaders behavior is determined by their attributes. Their characteristics, knowledge, and skills, which he called qualities, influenced their behavior. Jago focused specifically on how these qualities of a leader interact with the leaders perception of group attributes, the particular task at hand, and the general context of the situation (pp. 315-336). Kouzes and Posners (2002) extensive research identified respected and admired characteristics in leaders necessary to make or build a leader. Kouzes and Posner identified nineteen qualities or characteristics as being the most admired in leaders; which they claimed were consistent over time and across six continents (pp. 24-25). Their list started with honest, which was selected by 88% of the respondents (pp. 24-28). Their other top three traits were: (a) forward-looking, (b) competent, and (c) inspiring, having been selected by between 58% and 73%. A fifth quality, intelligent, received a 47% response rating from the survey participants (pp. 25-26). Kouzes and Posner administered their survey over a period of twenty years to over 75,000 participants, including ten thousand mangers and business executives and a limited number of government managers (p. 24).Haller (2008, pp.13-15) An integrated model of Exemplary followership is leadership: With the help of traits of exemplary follower and universally accepted leadership traits a model for followership is leadership is developed here which can support the assumption exemplary followership is leadership in certain contexts of organizations. An exemplary follower can take the role of leader in a situation where he as an exemplary follower will act as a leader. (E) See clearly how their job relates to the enterprise/ Knowledge of the business and/or group task at hand; competence (L) (E) Realize they add value by being who they are, their experiences and ideals/. A high level of people skills (L) (E) Structure their daily work and day-to-day activities/ competent (L) (E) Realize they add value by being who they are, their experiences and (E) Take initiative on increasing their value to the (E) See clearly how their job relates to the enterprise/ (E) Structure their daily work and day-to-day activities/ competent (E) Take initiative on increasing their value to the organization/. Initiative, assertiveness, drive, or determination (E) Put themselves on the critical path toward accomplishment/ Positive attitude and self-confidence; charisma (L) (E) Do an exceptional job on critical path activities related to the goal/ Desire or passion to lead and inspire (L) (E) Make sure the tasks they are to perform are on the critical path/ the ability to overcome adversity or obstacle (L) (E) Focus on the goal/ Excellent communication skills or willingness to speak up, take position, or take charge (L) E) Review their progress daily or weekly/ competent (L) (E) Support the team and the leader/ Being a Servant-Leader, serving people, and especially being humble (L) (E) Increase their scope of critical path activities/ Framing or recognizing the worst adversity as an opportunity (L) (E)Go above and beyond the job/ Vision (being forward-looking) (L) (E)Develop additional expertise/ having a mentor or mentors in their development as leaders (L) (E) Champion new ideas/) forward-looking (L) (E)Think for themselves/. Honesty or integrity (L) Leader and exemplary follower traits Leadership Exemplary follower ship is leadership (E for exemplary followership traits, L for leadership traits) Kellys followership basis: Followership, for example, sounds like the words of Jesus, who chose his disciples with the command, Follow me (NAS: Mat. 4:19, 9:9, 16:24, 19:21, Mar.1:17, 2:14, 8:34, 10:21, Luk. 5:27, 9:23, 18:22). In fact, in the four gospels, the word follow occurs 91 times. Actually, however, Kelley traces his inspiration to a moment of boredom in a hotel room (1992, p. 22) where his eyes came to rest on a bible, presumably provided by the Gideons. This caused him to reflect on religions in general-Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam and Christianity. And he began to consider how Christs followers-not Christ himself-changed the world. This is how Kelleys thinking on followership began. Similarly, Greenleafs concept of servant leadership could conceivably have been inspired by Christ. In Mark (10:43-45), Jesus tells his disciples whoever wishes to become great among you shall be your servant; and whoever wishes to be first among you shall be slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many. And in John (13:14-15), Jesus says, If I then, the Lord and the Teacher, washed your feet, you also ought to wash one anothers feet. For I gave you an example that you also should do as I did to you. Though Greenleaf does freely refer to various events and statements from the life of Christ, Greenleaf only once quotes one of Jesus servant statements though the mouth of Mr. Billings, a character in Teacher as Servant (1979, p. 28) This initial thinking of Kelly towards followership is supporting the notion that followership is leadership varying to different contexts of organizations. Barack Obama: An exemplary Follower Born to a Kenyan father and an American mother, Barack Obama has a multiracial heritage. He made history when he was elected as the 44th President of the United States of America, as he is the first African American to hold this post. Though, young and inexperienced as he has not spent much time in Washington, Barack Obama has worked for the last twenty years as a community organizer, a civil rights attorney, a constitutional law professor, a State Senator and then U.S. Senator. He was hired as Community organizer by Developing Communities Project, a church based community organization. The organization wanted a young black man to help them collaborate with black churches in the south side. From 1985 to 1988, Obama worked there as Director of the organization. He helped blacks fight for their rights from the city government. He worked to improve the living conditions of poor neighborhoods which faced crimes unemployment. Working in a small organization taught him organizational skills. He was always good with words and was known for making speeches which people could emotionally connect to. He worked with Saul Alinsky whose method was agitation which meant getting people angry enough about their current state of things that they are compelled to take some step and do something. During his tenure at Developing Communities Project, the staff at this organization grew from 1 to 13 and so did their budget. Then, he worked as consultant and instructor for Gamalie l Foundation, a community organizing institute. Barack Obama felt that law was a medium which could facilitate activism and community organization. So in late 1988, he entered Harvard Law School. In his second year at college, in 1990, he was elected as the president of law review. This role required him to be editor- in-chief and supervisor of law review staff of about 80 editors. As he was the first black to be elected for this position, it was a widely reported and much publicized event. It had taken Obama long sessions of discussion with conservatives to support him. While still in law school in 1989, he worked as an associate at Sidley and Austin law firms. He met his future wife Michelle, also a lawyer, here. Newton Minnow was a managing partner here. Minnow, later introduced him to many of the Chicagos top leaders. In the summer of 1990, he worked at Hopkins and Sutter and finally graduated from Harvard in 1991; after which he again moved back to Chicago where he practiced as a civil rights lawyer. His could have easily tak en up a god job after Harvard but his values and mothers teachings had taught him to do something for the society and the less privileged ones. The publicity that he garnered at Harvard, because of his election as first black president of Harvard law review, led him to an offer by University of Chicago law school to write book on racial relations. Meanwhile, Barack Obama also taught Constitutional Law at University of Chicago Law School from 1992- 2004; first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996 and then as Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004. Barack had also joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill and Galland law firm as civil rights attorney. He was an Associate in this law firm from 1993 to 1996 and then counsel from 1996 to 2004. Barack served on the board of Directors Woods Fund of Chicago, Joyce foundation form 1994 to 2002. In 1992, he became the founding member of board of director of Public Allies but resigned in 1993 and his wife joined it. All these years in Chicago, he served on board of directors of Chicago Annenberg Challenge, Chicago lawyers Committee for Civil Right under Law, the Centre for Neighborhood Technology and Lugenia Burns Hope Center. In 1992 election he had organized largest voter registration drives, Project Vote, in history of Chicago from April to October 1992. He had with him a staff of ten and around seven hundred volunteers. They had the goal of registering around 150,000 African Americans in the state who were unregistered. It was one of the most successful voter registration drives one had ever seen. Baracks work led him to run for Illinois State Senate. Eventually, he was elected in 1996 November, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer, as Barack Obama was the only candidate left, after rest of the petitions were invalidated.. He went on to serve three terms in the Illinois State Senate, from the year 1997 to 2004. Barack lost a primary run for U.S. House of Representatives to Bobby Rush in a very close fight in the year 2000. In the year 2003, he passed legislation to expand healthcare coverage to 70,000 children making Kid care, state Childrens Health insurance program, permanent. The legislation also extended health insurance to uninsured parents, which added up to additional 84,000 parents. After he found there were 13 innocent death row inmates, Barrack saw to it that death penalty reforms were changed. Also, Illinois became the first state where videotaping an interrogation became mandatory. Even Law enforcement agreed that recording questioning would help the prosecutions chances. As the Chairman of Illinois Senates Health and Human Services Committee, Barack Obama unanimously led a legislation to be passed on racial profiling by the police, which means maintaining records of the race, age and gende r of the drivers detained. For low income families, Obama created Illinois Earned Income tax credit which offered tax relief. Barack Obama came into national limelight with an inspiring speech at July 2004 Democratic National Convention where he spoke against the Bush administrations policies on Iraq war. His speech was the highlight of the convent

The Effects of Losing Rainforest :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the article satellite images reflect that the Amazon rainforest is diminishing at an enormous rate. About 10,000 square miles of this beautiful forest is being lost to pastures for grazing, soybean plantations, and illegal logging. Since the year before there has been a forty percent increase in the deforestation of the Amazon forest. The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. They expect this horrible trend to only become worse. Some conclude that if the forest is not protected that it will be wiped out in only eighty years!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The destruction of our earth’s rainforest is very depressing. Last semester I took Ecol 1000 and this class deals with all of the horrible things humans do to our planet. I didn’t realize that the rainforests were being destroyed at such a dramatic pace. People use a technique called â€Å"slash and burn† which enables them to clear plots in order for cattle or for other agricultural purposes. The rainforest provides a habitat for a wide array of species. This is not fair for people to go in and take over there homes. The destruction of the rainforests has intense adverse affects on lots of differing things. Rainforest not only house a great number of species of insects and trees but it also holds cures for diseases. The destruction of the rainforest has not really been proven how it will affect us because there is so much information to be gathered. We do not know all of the consequences that we will endure once all of the trees are gone and all of the wild life has been destroyed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is scary to think about the consequences we may suffer. Once all of these magnificent forests are gone the green house gas levels will increase and we also don’t know all of the harmful effects that this may cause. We need to do everything possible to develop a way to better manage the destruction of our rainforest before it is to late!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As our population grows every year, we lose very valuable resources. People are continuously reducing the biodiversity of our planet. The loss of biodiversity with our tropical rainforests, oceans, and lakes are very harmful and unpredictable.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainforest are so rich with various species that it is highly doubtful that we will ever encounter them all. Rainforest are being destroyed by developing nations in order for homes, agriculture, and other various reasons.

Grammar translation method Essay

Both the grammar translation method and communicative language teaching are teaching methods for acquiring a foreign language. Whereas the grammar translation method focuses on the translation of certain grammar rules and the translation of vocabulary, the communicative approach aims for acquiring the skill of communication for the learner Scrivener (2011). Both methods are effective in their own way, although the communicative approach focuses on the actual goal of language, namely communication between human beings. In this essay the grammar translation method and the communicative approach will be compared and contrasted, laying special emphasis on the assertion that the communicative approach is more effective for the learning and understanding of a foreign language than the grammar translation method. First of all, a remarkable difference in language usage is noticeable when comparing the two methods. While the grammar translation method exclusively uses the learner’s mother tongue, the communicative approach uses nothing else but the actual target language. With the use of the mother tongue, it is easier to understand grammar and meaning of words. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). This is a required skill to decipher written texts. When only using the foreign language, the level of oral communication increases. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). To find out which of both outcomes has a bigger value, it needs to be clear what the original goal of language is. Communicating is a required skill to survive. Oral communication is something that dates from the origin of the human kind. The invention of written language is a lot more recent. (Bright, W. (n.d). This proves that language is originally used for communication. Given this point, there can be concluded that the outcome of the communicative approach has bigger value to language’s actual goal.  In contrast, a really attractive feature on th e grammar translation method is its easily understandable explanation of grammar, words and phrases. Because of the fact that all the explanation happens in the mother tongue, it is easy for the learner to understand what is being said. Also, learners acquire a better capacity of understanding synonyms in the foreign language, due to the fact that they have already learned the meaning. Secondly, the communication between teacher and learner is flawless. Since the teacher and the learner speak the same language, the teacher can easily verify whether the pupils have learned what is just explained. (Fitriyanti, R. (2011).  Within the communicative approach, the communication between student and teacher is a lot more difficult and tedious in the beginning, which has to do with the use of target language only. However, the communication between teacher and learner is from much more value as the learner becomes more familiar with the foreign language (Abradi, C. (n.d). Because of goal aimed teaching in communicative language teaching, the communicative competence improves quickly (this will be explained later). What this says is that the tedious communication at the beginning can better be seen as a learning moment, rather than a disadvantage. Thirdly, in both methods there is a completely different way of acquiring skills. With the grammar translation method the students are supposed to learn the rules about the target language when sitting down and listening to their teacher. Grammar structures are explained and vocabulary is taught through word lists with a translation. The learner’s practice to apply what they’ve learned exists out of exercises where the learner needs to translate sentences or texts from the native to the target language and the other way around. (Rahlmi, M. (2009). Thus, this is a rather passive way of learning. The communicative language teaching lessons are quite different. These lessons contain meaningful activities in which the learner is required to interact. The activities are based on the interest of the learner to boost learning motivation. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). So, whereas the grammar translation method is rather passive, communicative language teaching is quite active. Passive learning is not really effective for the learner. (Ebbens, S (2013) states that a much better result of learning is caused by (inter)active practice. To go on, the teacher’s role is quite different in both methods. With the grammar translation method, the teacher is basically the guide for the learning process. The method is teacher centred, which means that the class focuses just on the explanation of the teacher. The role of the teacher here is to provide information to the students (Fitriyanti, R. (2011). â€Å"Teachers in communicative classrooms will find themselves talking less and listening more–becoming active facilitators of their students’ learning (Larsen-Freeman, 1986)† The communicative approach is a student centred method. Although the teacher sets up the exercise, it is the learner’s performance which fills up most of the lesson (Orellana. (2007). The  learning process is less effective when the teacher does most work in the classroom (teacher centred method) instead of the students doing most work in the classroom. (student centred method) (Ebbens, S (2013). A fifth issue, on which the two methods can be compared and contrasted on, is its historical background. The fact that learners of the grammar translation method are not able to produce comprehensive output in the form of oral communication, became evident in the years 1939 until 1945 (World War II) when the grammar translation method was not teaching students the foreign language effectively enough to communicate with allies or to understand the communications of the enemy, which was required to survive. When this occurred, a new approach appeared known as the audio lingual method which was based on structuralism and (The Grammar-Translation Method, n.d,). In 1957 the audio lingual method was criticised by the prominent linguist Noam Chomsky for its inability to teach learners to creatively apply language (Rhalmi, M. (2009). Partly because of this criticism, during the 60s of the 20th century, commutative language teaching was introduced in the classroom. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). This states that communicative language teaching was invented as a reaction on an alternative method for the grammar translation method. Thus, the communicative approach is actually already a more modern and adapted method of teaching the core goal language has. To summarise the main points mentioned in this essay; The difference of language usage in both methods, the advantage in language usage of both methods, the way of acquiring skills in both methods, the teacher and students role, and the historical background of both methods. These points given, I can conclude that the communicative approach of teaching a language is more effective to teach the learner language’s original goal, communication, than the grammar translation method. Although, if one is talking about comprehensive output in the form of letters and/or written text translations, the grammar translation method is superior to the communicative approach. Bibliography Rhalmi, M. (2009). Communicative Language Teaching (The Communicative Approach). Available: http://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/communicative-language-teaching-communicative-approach/. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Bright, W. (n.d). What’s the Difference between Speech and Writing?.Available: http://www.linguisticsociety.org//resource/whats-difference-between-speech-and-writing. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Rahlmi, M. (2009). Grammar Translation Method. Available: http://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/grammar-translation-method/. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Fitriyanti, R. (2011). Grammar Translation Method. Available: http://novaekasari09.wordpress.com/2011/06/12/grammar-translation-method/. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Abradi, C. (n.d). Advantages and disadvantages of communicative language teaching. Available: https://www.academia.edu/4743392/Communicative_Language_Teaching_theories_lesson_plan_and_application. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Orellana. (2007). The Communicative Approach in English as a Foreign Language Teaching Leer mà ¡s: http://www.monografias.c om/trabajos18/the-communicative-approach/the-communicative-approach.shtml#how#ixzz33uLe7fXe.Available: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos18/the-communicative-approach/the-communicative-approach.shtml#how. Last accessed 07/06/2014. The Grammar-Translation Method. (n.d). Available: http://hlr.byu.edu/methods/content/text/grammar-text.htm. Last accessed 02/06/2014. Scrivener (2011). Learning Teaching. 3rd ed. Londen: Macmillian. 31-32. Ebbens, S (2013). Effectief leren. Houten: Noordhoff uitgevers.

Teaching Survival Skills

Should students be taught survival skills in schools? Have you ever thought about how you would survive if you were to be stranded alone? No food, no water, no shelter, nothing to make a fire with except sticks and a rock. If you were in a dangerous situation, would you be able to make it out alive? Schools nowadays are teaching many different classes. Some are very useful, but some may not be. Most kids today wouldn't know the first thing to do if they were alone and needed to find food or create a shelter. There are no survival skills taught to us as children, we are simply taught to do paperwork our entire lives. If schools taught survival in one class in each school around the globe, human intelligence would double and we would evolve. Teaching survival skills helps the mind. It helps make us think faster, smarter and can even teach us more responsibility and independence. Indianoutskirts.com says that â€Å"humans live in many habitats and need survival skills to evolve and change according to our environment†. Some skills students should be taught include: how to cook on an open fire, how to be able to identify if water is safe enough to drink, and how to climb a tree to get away from dangers or predators. Most parents do not teach their children or even think to see if they are equipped with survival skills. Some parents may not agree with teaching these skills in schools, they might not even want them to learn at all. They may say that they do not want to scare them or say that they do not think their child is interested in the topic. Even though they may not be interested, parents should try to explain to them the dangers, how to avoid them and how to survive if they are ever in that situation. The biggest reason that parents should teach their kids these things is because we live in uncertain times. Children who do not learn these skill sets could face many challenges. The world changes everyday and humans learn to adapt and to evolve with their environments. We should be teaching our kids self-defense and many other skills to benefit them in their lives. In the future, if we learn more skills as children, the human species may continue on for billions of years to come.

Bicycle thief essays

Bicycle thief essays Since the beginning of its existence as a country, Italy has faced enormous challenges in establishing itself as a unified political and social entity. The geographic, economic, and linguistic differences between its various regions and the artificial manner in which they were amalgamated created a legacy of internal divisions that continues to dominate the country's political climate to this day. Italy's numerous historical fiascoes, such as its disastrous involvement in the two World Wars and the rise of fascism, further escalated the domestic problems that had haunted it since the Risorgimento. At first, the anti-fascist Resistance movement, which dominated the end of World War II, seemed to bring Italy a ray of hope, promising a new era of freedom, reform, and democratic representation. However, this hope was quickly extinguished, as widespread poverty, government corruption, and deep divisions between regions and classes persisted and no true social reform was attained. These h arsh conditions were depicted by a group of Italian film directors whose neorealist works have since been celebrated as masterpieces of world cinema. One of the most prominent of these is Vittorio De Sica's The Bicycle Thief. This 1948 film discusses the prevalent themes dominating Italy's social and political history, within the context of the unsettlingly poor post-War urban proletariat. Among the most prominent motifs in Italian politics since the Risorgimento has been a tendency for quasi-action (inaction disguised as action), in the form of transformismo and attendismo. The first of these terms refers to the practice of "assuring the government of an adequate majority in parliament either by a preliminary deal with leaders of the opposition and by then absorbing them into the government as ministers, or by favours granted to deputies in return for support, or by combining both methods" (Procacci 1970: 337). Originally applied to the government of A...

Free Essays on The Patients Right

A patient comes into the hospital to see his results from an AIDS test: his results are positive. The patient nervously confesses to the doctor that he?s been cheating on his wife. His wife and the doctor are friends, they?ve been friends throughout school, but later drifted apart. However, they still maintain a good friendship, occasionally get together call each other for advice, or simply to share their problems since they?ve been friends for so long. The doctor never actually met her friend?s husband in person but after looking at his file she notices his last name and phone number are the same as her dear friend?s. The doctor then informs the client of her friendship with his wife. Should she tell the wife because he could pass this incurable disease to her? Or should she keep this information confidential because of her duty as a doctor? This situation creates an ethical dilemma because no matter what decision the doctor takes it will oppose a belief. In this scenario the patient is the client seeking the service of a doctor. Therefore, the doctor must take a course of action based on mutual agreement that will not violate their relationship. As a professional, her primary duty is to serve the client, which in this scenario is the patient with AIDS. In order to better serve the client she will persuade and convince him to tell his wife in effort to maintain his autonomy and confidentiality. She will let him know that she must report this to government health authorities, and other health professional working with him. These health professionals need to be forewarned, so that they can take extra precautions. ?AIDS is now a reportable communicable disease in every state?Physicians and hospitals must report every case of AIDS- with the patients name to government public health authorities? (Pozar 384). The doctor is not removing the patient?s autonomy, however by giving him advice (persuading him) she is not ... Free Essays on The Patient's Right Free Essays on The Patient's Right A patient comes into the hospital to see his results from an AIDS test: his results are positive. The patient nervously confesses to the doctor that he?s been cheating on his wife. His wife and the doctor are friends, they?ve been friends throughout school, but later drifted apart. However, they still maintain a good friendship, occasionally get together call each other for advice, or simply to share their problems since they?ve been friends for so long. The doctor never actually met her friend?s husband in person but after looking at his file she notices his last name and phone number are the same as her dear friend?s. The doctor then informs the client of her friendship with his wife. Should she tell the wife because he could pass this incurable disease to her? Or should she keep this information confidential because of her duty as a doctor? This situation creates an ethical dilemma because no matter what decision the doctor takes it will oppose a belief. In this scenario the patient is the client seeking the service of a doctor. Therefore, the doctor must take a course of action based on mutual agreement that will not violate their relationship. As a professional, her primary duty is to serve the client, which in this scenario is the patient with AIDS. In order to better serve the client she will persuade and convince him to tell his wife in effort to maintain his autonomy and confidentiality. She will let him know that she must report this to government health authorities, and other health professional working with him. These health professionals need to be forewarned, so that they can take extra precautions. ?AIDS is now a reportable communicable disease in every state?Physicians and hospitals must report every case of AIDS- with the patients name to government public health authorities? (Pozar 384). The doctor is not removing the patient?s autonomy, however by giving him advice (persuading him) she is not ...

Aristotle and Virtue Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Virtue Essay Aristotle believes that we need virtue, both of thought and of character, to achieve that completeness leading to happiness. This is the function: activity in the soul in accord with virtue, where soul is defined as what is in us that carries out our characteristic activity. Aristotle is right in believing we need virtue. The end of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics Book I introduces the idea that since happiness is â€Å"a certain sort of activity of the soul in accord with complete virtue, we must examine virtue,† because doing so will allow us to closer analyze and understand how to study happiness. He goes on to identify two areas: virtues of thought and virtues of character. I believe the philosopher is right when he thinks that a good life requires harnessing both kinds of virtues. Virtues of thought are simpler to identify, as they include excellence in problem solving skills, abstract and rational thought, mathematics and the like. Virtues of character, which are also called ‘moral virtues’, seem to be more complex and are also an integral part of the completeness that Aristotle said was necessary for a good life. Some examples of these virtues are generosity and patience. Virtues of character are definitely good for the possessor as Aristotle states in chapter 6, â€Å"having these feelings at the right times, about the right things, toward the right people, for the right end, and in the right way, is the intermediate and best condition, and this is the proper virtue. † Finding that mean or middle ground, that balance or yin and yang, is essential to establishing a completeness which ultimately lead to happiness. One problem may be actually the path to virtue. The idea of pleasure without pain is not realistic in the mortal world. Everything on this plane is relative. Take, for example, two dogs: Dog A lives on the street and has all of his life. He has to find himself food everyday in alleys and has to deal with the weather. This life is good to him because it is his world and he does not know any better. As far as Dog A is concerned, he is in ‘heaven’. Dog B lives in a mansion with air conditioning and gourmet steaks that are given to him on a regular basis. This is all Dog B knows and he is not aware of anything else out there better than this (even though it surely exists), so this dog is in heaven also. Imagine their own individual and relative differences if they were to switch places. Dog A would go to a mansion atmosphere and the comfort of his life would dramatically improve, while Dog B’s life would be hell all of a sudden. This relation of pleasure to pain and how it is all relative makes one take a step back and look at the bigger picture. Nelson, W. Philosophy 1305 Proteus Classics Readings. Thomson Custom Publishing, Mason. pgs 81-122. Aristotle and Virtue. (2016, Dec 13).

Human Trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Trafficking - Research Paper Example Analysis of the power structures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 vii. The potential strengths†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 viii. Available resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 i. Information technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 ix. Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 x. Opportunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 xi. Threats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 xii. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 xiii. Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Human Trafficking: Strategic design of a nonviolence campaign Introduction Human trafficking basically involves is captivating, keeping, and moving a person by unlawfully or with force both violently and non-violently to exploit them either physically, socially or mentally for selfish gains. It is a crime against humanity and yet it happens all over the world on a regular basis. Human trafficking is a global issue in accordance with the UNDOC report; anyone can be a victim of human trafficking irrespective of age, care, culture, political affiliation, religion, occupation and gender. As it turns out, women are the majority of the victims as well as the culprits (Akaha 12). It is confusing to imagine that former victims are also victims of the same irrespective of the pain they underwent during the trafficking process; they emulate their exploiters and get influenced due to the huge amounts of money in return after a successful human traffic. Human trafficking is organized crime hence should be dealt with through criminals to get to the base of things (Kara 67). The major challenges faced in the war against human trafficking includes: raising awareness, gathering information, and international cooperation. I propose a way to raise more awareness because the gravity of this international situation needs to be communicated widespread (McKanders 2). Rai sing awareness Human trafficking is a global issue that calls for a globally acknowledged strategy of creating awareness on the issue; different countries are faced with different problematic situations that would likely favor human trafficking (McKanders 4). People are faced with challenges because the targeted group perceives that not all offers to work overseas are fraudulent, moreover, through beach parties and vocational leaves, traffickers engage young adults of both sexes with infatuation just to enable them win their instinct (Brysk 54). Efforts to counsel such individuals on the dangers of being in love with strangers of unknown backgrounds are often thwarted by rebellion and departure to settle in other areas with the partners away from the counselors who are later termed as enemies (Akaha 15). Gathering information There are scanty information about human trafficking since people fear that conveying mush information on the same would create suspicion on the kind of work t hat such individual are involved in for their daily survival. I believe it is very important to acquire accurate information on the issue to achieve the aforementioned plan (McKanders 3). However, much information possible is needed because of whom we are up against; human traffickers are never asleep, each time they derive

Methods to Access the Canopy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methods to Access the Canopy - Essay Example The original method of technical climbing hardware to trees adopted by biologists began in the 1970s. Canopy access using ropes, although independently evolved across the globe, eventually appeared side-by-side in the journal Biotropica, when Perry's colleague published her Costa Rica work in the same issue as Lowman's first Australian data set (Lowman 1984; Nadkarni 1984). Single Rope Techniques (SRT) is portable and relatively inexpensive method of canopy study which allowed canopy access even to graduate students with their modest budgets. However the limitation of SRT is such that it was not useful for emergent trees whose enormous canopies usually extended far away from the main trunk itself. To access foliage on the extremities, another invention known as the canopy boom (a horizontal bar with a bosun's chair at one end that swung into the leafy canopy away from the main trunk) was created by Peter Ashton and colleagues. Later on, with the development of more modern technology, construction crane was first set up by Alan Smith of Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) to study forest canopies in Panama. Although relatively expensive, this device allowed access to any region of canopy beneath the crane arm without regard to the tree trunk. Methods are further expanded to using hot-air balloon and raft operation, called Radeau des Cimes (translation: raft on the rooftop of the world) which was designed by

Erectile dysfunction & Gender Identity disorder Essay

Erectile dysfunction & Gender Identity disorder - Essay Example As an erection is so intrinsically tied to masculinity, not being able to achieve one often attacks a man’s sense of his own man-hood. He feels shame and guilt, which often instigates further issues in achieving an erection. In this particular case, a differential diagnosis is helpful because the inability to achieve an erection is caused by a myriad of factors, ranging from daily routine, to physical ailments, and to psychological problems. In creating a list of these three areas, doctors are able to ascertain which area, or what combination of factors is causing the problem. Understanding the root of the problem, which is frequently caused by issues outside of the man’s sexual life, will enable doctors to create an appropriate treatment to rectify the problem. This treatment may take the form of a healthier lifestyle, which involves limiting smoking, drinking, eating unhealthy foods, recreational drug use, lack of sleep, etc. These issues may also contribute to physic al ailments which are contributing to the problem, such as obesity. Finally, the doctor can address the psychological problems involved in the disorder, including feelings of self worth, a possible history of sexual abuse, stress at work, and marital and familial problems. The video included two men, both of which were Caucasian and, presumably, from the middle class. Historically, White men have not had to explain their sexuality, nor have they experienced attacks on their sexuality in terms of being defined as barbaric, as seen in the depiction of African males, or as too effeminate, as seen in the depiction of Asian males. In this regard, White males may be more inclined to visit a doctor and receive the necessary treatment to cure the problem. However, the significance of machismo or the centrality of the male in gender relations may prevent a non-White

Ethical Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Scenarios - Essay Example I would ask my teammate to exclude me from her deceptive behavior. By asking Stephanie to lie, she compromises Stephanie's sense of moral judgment and is put in the awkward position of telling a lie or betraying a friend. It would not be in Stephanie's interest to allow herself to be placed in that position. It is emotional extortion and I would only say that if you want to know the whereabouts of my teammate, you need to ask her. Corin is acting in their own self centered world without regards to the team. His actions are bringing the teams performance down and in doing so he has ignored the goals of the team. To achieve goals, Corin needs to set aside his personal feelings and work to achieve the teams objectives. The performance may not mean anything to Corin, but they do to the team and that's what the decision should be based on. Darcie is acting admirably in a goal based ethics system. She has two goals, the team and learning marketing. Neither goal can be achieved by dropping the class. Part of operating with goal based ethics is the concept that the goal is what is important. You may have to sacrifice other self-interest objectives to accomplish your goal. By working with the team she can accomplish both of her goals. Jerry and Samantha are correct in believing that everyone

Follow the instruction and do the questions Essay

Follow the instruction and do the questions - Essay Example In his narrative or pamphlet, Common Sense; he talked about the distinction between the origins of society and origins of government. Paine drew the attention of people towards general facts and common senses by telling them that a society is formed because of their wants. He hoped that people understand that they are all dependent on each other for the satisfaction of their wants, as no person alone is sufficient. There is a chain as one depends on another and that another on some other and so on. They don’t need government for their safety but people themselves can do it. All they need is common consent and clear conscience as, they as a society are independent on each other and these needs never cease to exist. This belief on our own selves and on each other is weak, and that is the reason that people are still under the slavery of government who regulates their lives, rather than them taking charge of their own. 2) In Mark Twain’s â€Å"?1,000,000 Bank Note,† Henry Adams agrees to assist Lloyd Hastings in his investment venture in London. Henry tells Lloyd he does not want to buy mines; instead he wants to â€Å"keep my capital moving, in a commercial center like London† (76). Of course, having no assets, Henry cannot afford any investments. Yet what does it mean in Twain’s short story to keep one’s capital flowing? In fact, Henry amply succeeds in moving his capital, much to Lloyd’s and others’ benefit. How does the story conceive â€Å"capital†? The story â€Å"$1,000,000 Bank Note† by Mark Twain conceives money or capital as the most powerful object which can derive everyone and everything with its power. It can rotate the world on its axis. Henry Adams was a poor, lonely person who didn’t even have enough means to make his ends meet, but this 1000,000 note changes his life from a nobody to a socially high-class man. Even though he could not use or cash this note, just the word about him having such wealth made him an upper class and wealthy person. The story defines capital as a controlling force which gives a fame and era of authority to Henry just with the illusion of him being a wealthy person. Such was the supremacy of money that even others like Lloyd could benefit from this illusion created. The plot of the story is basically teaching the lesson that money is everything for the capitalist world and just the assumption of having wealth is enough for anyone to achieve success, fame, acceptance and love in this society. 3) Explain what Thorstein Veblen means by the term â€Å"pecuniary emulation.† Why does the emulative â€Å"habit of thought† engender â€Å"chronic satisfaction†? Pecuniary means anything related to wealth, and emulation means to make an effort or to have an ability to surpass others. Together the term â€Å"Pecuniary emulation† according to Veblen means to make an effort to surpass others in status as measu red by wealth. Veblen’s theory of the leisure class focused on the distinction of society between two classes, one who exploits and does not work and are called the leisure class, and other, a class of people who works in industry and produces goods. The thirst for wealth is never satisfied and gets only multiplied because of the power of wealth as a status symbol. Wealth brings a sense of accumulation, reputation and honor, which makes it impossible that the desire for wealth or

Erectile dysfunction & Gender Identity disorder Essay

Erectile dysfunction & Gender Identity disorder - Essay Example As an erection is so intrinsically tied to masculinity, not being able to achieve one often attacks a man’s sense of his own man-hood. He feels shame and guilt, which often instigates further issues in achieving an erection. In this particular case, a differential diagnosis is helpful because the inability to achieve an erection is caused by a myriad of factors, ranging from daily routine, to physical ailments, and to psychological problems. In creating a list of these three areas, doctors are able to ascertain which area, or what combination of factors is causing the problem. Understanding the root of the problem, which is frequently caused by issues outside of the man’s sexual life, will enable doctors to create an appropriate treatment to rectify the problem. This treatment may take the form of a healthier lifestyle, which involves limiting smoking, drinking, eating unhealthy foods, recreational drug use, lack of sleep, etc. These issues may also contribute to physic al ailments which are contributing to the problem, such as obesity. Finally, the doctor can address the psychological problems involved in the disorder, including feelings of self worth, a possible history of sexual abuse, stress at work, and marital and familial problems. The video included two men, both of which were Caucasian and, presumably, from the middle class. Historically, White men have not had to explain their sexuality, nor have they experienced attacks on their sexuality in terms of being defined as barbaric, as seen in the depiction of African males, or as too effeminate, as seen in the depiction of Asian males. In this regard, White males may be more inclined to visit a doctor and receive the necessary treatment to cure the problem. However, the significance of machismo or the centrality of the male in gender relations may prevent a non-White

Follow the instruction and do the questions Essay

Follow the instruction and do the questions - Essay Example In his narrative or pamphlet, Common Sense; he talked about the distinction between the origins of society and origins of government. Paine drew the attention of people towards general facts and common senses by telling them that a society is formed because of their wants. He hoped that people understand that they are all dependent on each other for the satisfaction of their wants, as no person alone is sufficient. There is a chain as one depends on another and that another on some other and so on. They don’t need government for their safety but people themselves can do it. All they need is common consent and clear conscience as, they as a society are independent on each other and these needs never cease to exist. This belief on our own selves and on each other is weak, and that is the reason that people are still under the slavery of government who regulates their lives, rather than them taking charge of their own. 2) In Mark Twain’s â€Å"?1,000,000 Bank Note,† Henry Adams agrees to assist Lloyd Hastings in his investment venture in London. Henry tells Lloyd he does not want to buy mines; instead he wants to â€Å"keep my capital moving, in a commercial center like London† (76). Of course, having no assets, Henry cannot afford any investments. Yet what does it mean in Twain’s short story to keep one’s capital flowing? In fact, Henry amply succeeds in moving his capital, much to Lloyd’s and others’ benefit. How does the story conceive â€Å"capital†? The story â€Å"$1,000,000 Bank Note† by Mark Twain conceives money or capital as the most powerful object which can derive everyone and everything with its power. It can rotate the world on its axis. Henry Adams was a poor, lonely person who didn’t even have enough means to make his ends meet, but this 1000,000 note changes his life from a nobody to a socially high-class man. Even though he could not use or cash this note, just the word about him having such wealth made him an upper class and wealthy person. The story defines capital as a controlling force which gives a fame and era of authority to Henry just with the illusion of him being a wealthy person. Such was the supremacy of money that even others like Lloyd could benefit from this illusion created. The plot of the story is basically teaching the lesson that money is everything for the capitalist world and just the assumption of having wealth is enough for anyone to achieve success, fame, acceptance and love in this society. 3) Explain what Thorstein Veblen means by the term â€Å"pecuniary emulation.† Why does the emulative â€Å"habit of thought† engender â€Å"chronic satisfaction†? Pecuniary means anything related to wealth, and emulation means to make an effort or to have an ability to surpass others. Together the term â€Å"Pecuniary emulation† according to Veblen means to make an effort to surpass others in status as measu red by wealth. Veblen’s theory of the leisure class focused on the distinction of society between two classes, one who exploits and does not work and are called the leisure class, and other, a class of people who works in industry and produces goods. The thirst for wealth is never satisfied and gets only multiplied because of the power of wealth as a status symbol. Wealth brings a sense of accumulation, reputation and honor, which makes it impossible that the desire for wealth or

Tesco Essay Example for Free

Tesco Essay The Tesco. com site acts as a portal to most of Tescos products, including various non-food ranges (for example, Books, DVDs and Electrical items under the ‘Extra’ banner), Tesco Personal Finance and the telecoms businesses, as well as services offered in partnership with specialist companies, such as dieting clubs, flights and holidays, music downloads, gas, electricity and DVD rentals. Tesco Competitors Tesco currently leads the UK’s other leading grocery retailers in terms of market share. This pattern is repeated online. The compilation below is from Hitwise (2005) and the figures in brackets show market share for traditional offline retail formats from the Taylor Nelson Softres Super panel (see superpanel. tns-global. com) 1. Tesco superstore 27. 28% (29% of retail trade) 2. Asda (13. 36%) 3. Asda @t home 10. 13% (17. 1%) 4. Sainsburys (8. 42%) 5. Tesco wine warehouse, 8. 19% 6. Sainsburys to you 5. 86% (15. 9%) 7. Waitrose. com 3. 42% (3. 6%) 8. Ocado 3. 32% (owned by Waitrose, 3. 6%) 9. Lidl 2. 49% (1. 8%) 10. Aldi-UK 2. 10% (2. 3%) Some companies are repeated since both their main site and the online shopping site are reported on separately. Asda. com now seems to be performing in a consistent manner online to its offline presence. However, Sainsburys online performance seems to be significantly lower compared to its offline performance. Some providers such as Ocado which originally just operated within the London area have a strong local performance. Notably, some of Tesco. com competitors are absent from the Hitwise listing since their strategy has been to focus on retail formats. These are Morrisons (12. 5% retail share, Somerfield (5. 5%) and Co-op (5. 0%). Promotion of service As with other online retailers, Tesco. om relies on in-store advertising and marketing to the supermarkets Clubcard loyalty schemes customer base to persuade customers to shop online. NMA (2005) quotes Nigel Dodd, marketing director at Tesco. com as saying: ‘These are invaluable sources as we have such a strong customer base’. However, for non-food goods the supermarket does advertise online using keyword targeted ads. For existing customers, email marketing and direct mail marketing to provide special offers and promotions to customers is important. According to Humby (2003), e-retailer Tesco. om use what he describes as a ‘commitment-based segmentation’ or ‘loyalty ladder’ which is based on recency of purchase, frequency of purchase and value which is used to identify 6 lifecycle categories which are then further divided to target communications: â€Å"Logged-on†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cautionary†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Developing†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Established†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dedicated†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Logged-off† (the aim here is to winback) Tesco then use automated event-triggered messaging can be created to encourage continued purchase. For example, Tesco. com has a touch strategy which includes a sequence of follow-up communications triggered after different events in the customer lifecycle. In the example given below, communications after event 1 are intended to achieve the objective of converting a web site visitor to action; communications after event 2 are intended to move the customer from a first time purchaser to a regular purchaser and for event 3 to reactivate lapsed purchasers. * Trigger event 1: Customer first registers on site (but does not buy). Auto-response (AR) 1: 2 days after registration e-mail sent offering phone assistance and ? 5 discount off first purchase to encourage trial. * Trigger event 2: Customer first purchases online. AR1: Immediate order confirmationAR2: 5 days after purchase e-mail sent with link to online customer satisfaction survey asking about quality of service from driver and picker (e. g. item quality and substitutions). AR3: Two-weeks after first purchase Direct mail offering tips on how to use service and ? 5 discount on next purchases intended to encourage re-use of online services. AR4: Generic monthly e-newsletter with online exclusive offers encouraging cross-sellingAR5: Bi-weekly alert with personalised offers for customer. AR6: After 2 months ? discount for next shop. AR7: Quarterly mailing of coupons encouraging repeat sales and cross-sales. * Trigger event 3: Customer does not purchase for an extended periodAR1: Dormancy detected – Reactivation e-mail with survey of how the customer is finding the service (to identify any problems) and a ? 5 incentive. AR2: A further discount incentive is used in order to encourage continued usage to shop after the first shop after a break. Tesco’s online product strategy New Media Age (2005) ran a profile of Laura Wade-Gery CEO of Tesco. om since January 2004 which provides an interesting insight into how the business has run. In her first year, total sales were increased 24% to ? 719 million. Laura, is 40 years old, a keen athlete and has followed a varied career developing from a MA in History at Magdalen College, Oxford, an MBA from Insead; Manager and partner in Kleinwort Benson; Manager and senior consultant, Gemini Consulting; Targeted marketing director (Tesco Clubcard), and Group strategy director, Tesco Stores. The growth overseen by Wade-Gery has been achieved thr ough a combination of initiatives. Product range development is one key area. In early 2005, Tesco. com fulfilled 150,000 grocery orders a week but now also offers more intangible offerings, such as e-diets and music downloads. Wade-Gery has also focused on improving the customer experience online – the time it takes for a new customer to complete their first order has been decreased from over an hour to 35 minutes through usability work culminating in a major site revision. To support the business has it diversifies into new areas, Wade-Gery’s strategy was ‘to make home delivery part of the DNA of Tesco’ according to NMA (2005). She continues: ‘What we offer is delivery to your home of a Tesco service – its an obvious extension of the home-delivered groceries concept. ’ My May 2005, Tesco. com had 30,000 customers signed up for DVD rental, through partner Video Island (who run the rival Screenselect service). Over the next year, her target is to treble this total, while also extending home-delivery services to the likes of bulk wine and white goods. Wade-Gery looks to achieve synergy between the range of services offered. For example, its partnership with eDiets can be promoted through the Tesco Clubcard loyalty scheme, with mailings to 10m customers a year. In July 2004, Tesco. com Limited paid ? 2 million for the exclusive licence to eDiets. com in the UK and Ireland under the URLs www. eDietsUK. com and www. eDiets. ie. Through promoting these services through these URLs, Tesco can use the dieting business to grow use of the Tesco. com service and in-store sales. To help keep focus on home retail-delivery, Wade-Gery sold women’s portal iVillage (www. ivillage. co. uk) back to its US owners for an undisclosed sum in March 2004. She explained to NMA: ‘Its a very different sort of product to the other services that were embarking on. In my mind, we stand for providing services and products that you buy, which is slightly different to the world of providing information. ’ The implication is that there was insufficient revenue from ad sales on iVillage and insufficient opportunities to promote Tesco. com sales. However, iVillage was a useful learning experience in that there are some parallels with iVillage, such as message boards and community advisors. Wade-Gery is also director of Tesco Mobile, the joint ‘Pay-As-You-Go’ venture with O2 which is mainly serviced online, although promoted in-store and via direct mail. Tesco also offer broadband and dialup ISP services, but believe the market for Internet telephony (provided through Skype and Vonage for example) is not sufficiently developed. Tesco. com have concentrated on more traditional services which have the demand, for example, Tesco Telecom fixed-line services attracted over a million customers in its first year. However, this is not to say, that Tesco. com will not invest in relatively new services. In November 2004, Tescos introduced a music download service and just six months later, she estimates they have around 10% market share – one of the benefits of launching relatively early. Again, there is synergy, this time with hardware sales. NMA (2005) reported that as MP3 players were unwrapped, sales went up – even on Christmas Day! She says: ‘The exciting thing about digital is where can you take it in the future. As the technology grows, well be able to turn Tesco. com into a digital download store of all sorts, rather than just music. Clearly, film [through video on demand] would be next. ’ But it has to be based firmly on analysis of customer demand. She says : ‘The number one thing for us is whether the product is something that customers are saying they want, has it reached a point where mass-market customers are interested? ’ There also has to be scope for simplification. NMA (2005) notes that Tesco is built on a core premise of convenience and value and Wade-Gery believes what its already done with mobile tariffs, broadband packages and music downloads are good examples of the retailers knack for streamlining propositions. She says: ‘Weve actually managed to get people joining broadband who have never even had a dial-up service’

Turner Syndrome Hormone

Turner Syndrome Hormone TURNER SYNDROME Turner syndrome was discovered by Dr. Henry Turner, an endocrinologist in 1938, when he noticed a set of common physical features in some of his female patients. Turner was born on August 28, 1892 in Harrisburg, Illinois and died on August 4, 1970 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. An endocrinologist diagnoses diseases that affect your glands. Endocrinologists are trained to diagnose and treat hormone problems by helping to balance of hormones in your system. It wasnt until 1960 that a chromosomal abnormality was discovered. Turner syndrome is a rare genetic chromosomal disorder that affects approximately one out of 2,500 3,000 females in every birth. Females inherit one â€Å"X chromosome from their mother and one â€Å"X† chromosome from their father. If one â€Å"X† chromosome is missing from the cell, that is Turner syndrome. â€Å"Turner syndrome is present at conception or following the first cell division, and it remains throughout life.† Some scientists say it â€Å"may be a result from an error during the division (meiosis) of a parents sex cell. Turner syndrome can be diagnosed by a simple blood test called karyotype either during pregnancy or after birth. â€Å"A karyotype test that shows that you have Turner syndrome reveals 45 chromosomes (only one X chromosome), instead of the normal 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes (XX) that are found in females.† Here are a few if the physical features of Turner syndrome: Short stature; one of the missing genes in the â€Å"X† chromosome is the SHOX gene. This gene is responsible for the long bone growth development; â€Å"more than 95% of adult women with Turner syndrome exhibit short stature†. Without it, your bones dont grow the way they should; average adult height with Turner syndrome is 4 feet 7 inches. â€Å"Scoliosis affects the spine and occurs in 10% of young girls with Turner syndrome and may contribute to their short stature.† Scoliosis can be diagnosed by a Pediatrician. This also includes short fingers and short toes; wrist and elbow joints turn out away from the body. Hands and feet can look puffy or swollen at birth. The nails on the fingers are soft and turn upward at the ends when a girl with Turner syndrome gets older. Webbed neck; in some cases you will see extra skin on the side of the neck. It looks like â€Å"wings†. This is where the neck and the collar bone connect and can be corrected with surgery. Abnormal kidney, a normal kidney is shaped like a bean and someone who has Turner syndrome, their kidney is shaped like a horseshoe. Also, you should have two kidneys and someone with Turner syndrome, usually only has one kidney. Having only one kidney and the fact that it doesnt function the way it is suppose to, can also cause diabetes, which can be deadly if you dont treat it with medication, good eating habits and lots of exercise. Lack of sexual development at puberty; females with Turner syndrome have little to no sexual development; their ovaries, breasts, the uterus never fully develops and there is no menstruation cycle, which means that they cant reproduce. The most deadly of the physical features is the heart defects, because it is the most common cause of death in adults with Turner syndrome. The major heart vessels are much smaller than normal heart vessels. â€Å"The major blood vessels from the heart have two vessels rather than three vessels that regulate the blood flow.† This can be corrected with surgery. Other disorders include high blood pressure, obesity, cataracts, thyroid problems, and arthritis. Girls with Turner syndrome usually have normal intelligence, but some may have learning difficulties in math. Many also have a problem with requiring map reading or visual organization, but are able to write well and learn well. People with Turner syndrome go to regular schools and take regular classes. Hearing problems are also more common in girls with Turner syndrome. Red and green color blindness also occurs in girls with Turner syndrome. There is treatment for Turner syndrome. Some females have been treated with hormone replacement therapy that increases their height and helps the development of the breasts. Some females also take the male hormone so their hair and muscle growth can be almost normal. Not everyone who takes the growth hormone, androgen have much change in their growth. The female hormone is called estrogen, which also help their sexual development. Estrogen therapy is usually started at age 12 or 13 to help stimulate the growth of sexual development. Having Turner syndrome can also lower a young girls self-esteem. There are a lot of ways to help someone feel better about there self. For example to try on different clothing styles until she finds what makes her feel happy or fits her personality. This can help build a positive body image and self-esteem. Or maybe participate in activities where height doesnt matter, like skating, diving, horseback riding, babysitting, or volunteer work. They should stay active in sports and hobbies they enjoy. Turner syndrome can not be inherited from parent to child because most women with Turner syndrome are usually sterile. They dont have fully developed reproductive organs. There is no cure for Turner syndrome. People with Turner syndrome are all different. Some may have many physical differences and symptoms. Others may only have a few medical problems that are treatable. There is no known proof that this disorder affects more frequently in whites, blacks, Hispanics or any other ethnic group. Most people with Turner syndrome can live healthy and normal lives if they get good medical care. There is a foundation called The MAGIC Foundation for Childrens Growth. This is a group of parents with children who have a variety of growth disorders including Turner Syndrome. The foundation is here to help you understand and deal with the special issues all of the children face, whether it is a learning challenge due to Turner Syndrome or a physical challenge because they are short children. References: Clinical Features of Turner Syndrome http://turner.nichd.nih.gov Turner Syndrome Chart http://www.kidsgrowth.com Learn.Genetics Genetic Science Learning Center http://learngenetics.utah.edu Teens Health http://kidshealth.org/teen;diseases_conditions/genetic/turner.html â€Å"Family Medical Guide†, 4th Edition; American Medical Association, published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Essay --

It is noticed that science develops in splashes, each significantly advancing our understanding of the nature. The 19th century was the time of rapid development of microbiology. In the search for secrets of nature science has reached extremely high and low energies as well as large and small length scales. Still until recently we knew very little about one of the most complex aspects of life – microbes and infection. Now we are at the dawn of efflorescence in molecular biology, which provides an excellent basis for application into several areas of biology like cancer and virology . Revelations of molecular biology become extremely crucial, as they provide insights into the way molecules work. Having completed an inspiring five-year course in veterinary sciences,1993-1999 from college of veterinary and animal sciences ,and completing DVM, I would like to continue my pursuit of knowledge and do a dissertation in Virology. This would give me build the strong knowledge base that I desire and a strong expertise in field that I wish to specialize. The past few decades have witnessed rapid advance in the area of virology and molecular biology. The objective of virology is to make life meaningful and to alleviate human and animal ailments caused by these dreadful pathogens . I am keen to be an integral part of this effort. For this, along with an in-depth knowledge of the subject, experience in cutting edge research and hands on experience in real time applications would be of prime importance . In today’s world, microbial sciences has attained such high status due its impact in the day to day life of humanity as a whole.. My interest in the role of microbes and viruses began from UG classes (1993-1999) wherein professors taught us... ...ape me to be a thinker and a learner. The world is literally becoming a global village where opportunities for learning are transcending physical boundaries. In a connected world, Indian knowledge workers are increasingly contributing to the global work force. International education will give me the training and the competence to meet global clients. I look forward to being an active contributing member of the student community at your University. After basic education, I have developed a strong urge to attain academic excellence and to engage in research in the field of virology. I strongly feel that an MS from a reputed university will help me achieve my goal. United States will offer me a very conducive atmosphere for research and development.t I am eagerly awaiting for admission from your esteemed university and embark for my future journey in this field. Essay -- It is noticed that science develops in splashes, each significantly advancing our understanding of the nature. The 19th century was the time of rapid development of microbiology. In the search for secrets of nature science has reached extremely high and low energies as well as large and small length scales. Still until recently we knew very little about one of the most complex aspects of life – microbes and infection. Now we are at the dawn of efflorescence in molecular biology, which provides an excellent basis for application into several areas of biology like cancer and virology . Revelations of molecular biology become extremely crucial, as they provide insights into the way molecules work. Having completed an inspiring five-year course in veterinary sciences,1993-1999 from college of veterinary and animal sciences ,and completing DVM, I would like to continue my pursuit of knowledge and do a dissertation in Virology. This would give me build the strong knowledge base that I desire and a strong expertise in field that I wish to specialize. The past few decades have witnessed rapid advance in the area of virology and molecular biology. The objective of virology is to make life meaningful and to alleviate human and animal ailments caused by these dreadful pathogens . I am keen to be an integral part of this effort. For this, along with an in-depth knowledge of the subject, experience in cutting edge research and hands on experience in real time applications would be of prime importance . In today’s world, microbial sciences has attained such high status due its impact in the day to day life of humanity as a whole.. My interest in the role of microbes and viruses began from UG classes (1993-1999) wherein professors taught us... ...ape me to be a thinker and a learner. The world is literally becoming a global village where opportunities for learning are transcending physical boundaries. In a connected world, Indian knowledge workers are increasingly contributing to the global work force. International education will give me the training and the competence to meet global clients. I look forward to being an active contributing member of the student community at your University. After basic education, I have developed a strong urge to attain academic excellence and to engage in research in the field of virology. I strongly feel that an MS from a reputed university will help me achieve my goal. United States will offer me a very conducive atmosphere for research and development.t I am eagerly awaiting for admission from your esteemed university and embark for my future journey in this field.