The Nature of Evil in William ShakespeareÂs Othello Essay -- William

William Shakespeareâ's Othello utilizes extraordinary and one of a kind strategies in his language to communicate the idea of underhandedness all through the play. Verbal turns and the characters above all pressure the demonstration of insidiousness. Iago, above all else is depicted as the Âvillainâ or Âprotagonist in the play. Shakespeare utilizes this character to set the premise of shrewdness. Each plot point is spiraled further into catastrophe because of the idea of Iago and his manipulative language towards the other primary characters. Defilement conquers the Venetian culture as Iago utilizes his cunning aptitudes of double dealing. The arrangement to have Othello betray the ones he adores is the ideal case of evilâ's tendency. The force battle is apparent between these two. This circumstance is the beginning to Iagoâ's arrangement to degenerate the general public and have Othelloâ's spot. The base of Iagoâ's Âevilâ is desire without a doubt, thusly changing into a force hungry controller. Iago is worn out on acting like one gracious and knee-crooking scoundrel like he generally gives off an impression of being [I. I. 46]. Since Iago is hesitant to decide to be an ace, he is the hireling that gnaws off the distinction and keep yet their hearts going to on themselves, despite everything demonstrating his support of his lord however rather is increasingly self-protecting without any connections at all towards the ace [I. I. 52]. Incongruity is utilized persistently in Shakespeareâ's special language style. Alluded by Othello as Âhonest Iagoâ, the incongruity is extremely obvious in this title. Iago is everything except for legit yet this demonstrates how effectively drove and controlled Othello is. The characteristics Iago have are surprising to a typical scalawag. He appears to be enchanting and keen, he can likewise be alluded to a scalawag. For instance, he knows Roderigo is infatuated with Desdemona and figures that he ... ...or on the other hand a generally alluring, well known, pleasant, beguiling, narrow minded, merciless and completely corrupt scoundrel.â (pp. 333-34) [Grant: Studies in Shakespeare, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1886, pp. 205] This extract further clarifies Iagoâ's tendency being actually how Shakespeare proposed at this point somewhat not the same as what the normal peruser would consider him. The idea of malevolence is carefully apparent as the play reaches a conclusion, yet it is seen as an assessment or a hypothesis whether Iago is genuinely Âevil.â Ironically, Iagoâ's words express stronger than his activities, demonstrating how real Shakespeareâ's utilization of language for the character was. This dynamic utilization of language is critical in light of the fact that it can adjust the idea of the peruser whether Iago was genuinely shrewd or simply utilizing military strategies to better him. Iago and his utilization of language set the primary plot for each character result.

The Rolling Stones vs. The Beatles essays

The Rolling Stones versus The Beatles expositions By the mid year of 1965, the alleged British Invasion of popular music was at its pinnacle. And keeping in mind that there were numerous commendable UK bunches involving the number 2 and underneath openings, the Beatles at 1(A) and apparently, the Rolling Stones at 1(B),were, well, musically number one. The Rolling Stones and the Beatles are inseparably connected together. Connected by time, place, overpowering notoriety, and outperforming melodic significance, they appear to be inverse in each other regard. (Campbell s center than these two groups. The Beatles were raised by common regular workers families whose fruitful vocations spoke to a few stages up in class. The Rolling Stones met up in London, the focal point of British culture. They characterized their picture by venturing down in class. (Campbell s Night made their pictures. Shockingly, the Beatles played their last show in 1966. The whole band started to become separated, both musically and by and by. Their collection, the White Album, affirmed this thought. The band broke separated 4 years after the fact. Then again, the Rolling Stones have remained together since the start are as yet filling in as a band. They keep on visiting which despite everything pull in a lot of fans. The Stones and the Beatles were total inverses. This was obvious in what they passed on and how they did it. The Beatles exemplified cheerful dispositions and great, for the most part clean fun; they were pranksters even under the least favorable conditions. Conversely, the Stonesâ ¾by designâ ¾crossed the line. They transformed impudence into rudeness, harmony and love into hostility and clear sexuality. (... <!

How to Deal With Neighbors When You Have Social Anxiety

How to Deal With Neighbors When You Have Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print How to Deal With Neighbors When You Have Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 08, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 05, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Raphye Alexius/Getty Images If you suffer from social anxiety disorder (SAD) you might find it hard dealing with neighbors. You may avoid talking with your neighbors or time your entrances and exits so that you will not have to converse. Over time, these avoidance strategies may leave you a prisoner in your own home. Although it will be hard at first, getting to know your neighbors has many benefits. Knowing who lives around you makes for a safer neighborhood or apartment building. Being friendly with your neighbors means having someone to borrow things from when you are in a pinch. You might even find a good friend. How to Be Friendly Being friendly with your neighbors does not have to be hard. Below are some tips to get you started. If you are the new neighbor, try to make a good first impression. Choose a time to introduce yourself when your neighbor appears relaxed and not in a hurry. Wave, smile, and go over to introduce yourself. Good small talk topics include the area that you live in, activities, and things to do in town. 10 Best and Worst Small Talk Topics When you see your neighbor again, make a point of taking the time to chat a bit if she is interested in talking. If you arent sure what to say, find something that you can compliment, such as her yard. If you are feeling a bit more confident, and your neighbor seems like someone that you would like to get to know better, invent a reason to talk again. Go over to borrow an item for a recipe or a tool for a project. If you borrow an ingredient, invite your neighbor over to sample what you are making when it is done, so that you can talk more. You may find that you have little in common with your new neighbors. A cordial wave and hello when you cross paths is all that is needed if you find that a friendship is not developing. If social anxiety is severely limiting your ability to interact socially with your neighbors or with others on a daily basis, and you have not been diagnosed with SAD, it may be wise to talk with your doctor about your fears Research on Stranger Danger Research tells us that those high in anxiety are more likely to perceive others as less trustworthyâ€"an evaluation that has more to do with your own anxiety than any actual danger of the stranger you have just met. Be sure to remember that you sometimes view the world through a lens of fear because of your social anxiety. Try to imagine your new neighbor as an old friend to work against this bias. Gradually, as you get to know each other better, that initial stranger fear will lessen. Social Fears and the Best Way to Overcome Them

Essay On Abortion In Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants

â€Å"If she chooses the barren solution, the girl knows that she will never again have a chance at choosing happiness† (Teaching the Culture of Life: Hills Like White Elephants). â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† goes in depth on a relationship where one partner wants an abortion and the other is questioning the abortion, the relationship, and their future together. Jig is confronted with a life altering decision. She can have the abortion and try to stay with her partner in a dry and barren relationship, or she can keep the child and try to live a beautiful and fulfilling life without her partner. Jig did not follow through on the abortion, which is shown by her diction, her personal growth over the course of this conversation, and the true†¦show more content†¦She does not agree, she just reiterates that the man â€Å"knows† that the operation is simple. She has now realized that the only â€Å"simple† thing that either of them â€Å"know† is the fact that this man does not truly have Jig’s best interests at heart. Jig’s personal growth over the course of this conversation also proves that she did not follow through with this abortion. â€Å"Is it good with water?† (Hemingway 229). Here she is asking the man whether or not it is good with water, her decision directly depends on whether or not he believes it is good with water. She is depending on him to make a decision that directly affects her. â€Å"Everything tastes like licorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe† (Hemingway 230). Jig is being sarcastic with this remark, this is the first sign that she is willing to go against the man and think for herself, even if the man does not like what she says. Jig also says that they were all so happy after their abortions when the man states that he knows other people who have gone through this (Hemingway 230). She says this sarcastically and here you get to see how she really feels underneath about this procedure. She is thinking for her self and not just doing whatever the man tells her to do. â€Å"Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?† (Hemingway 232). Jig has grown to stand up for herself. She no longer cares what the man has to say about theShow MoreRelated Hemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story, Hills Like White Elephants1409 Words   |  6 PagesHemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story Hills Like White Elephants Hills like White Elephants is not the normal story where you have a beginning, middle and end. Hemingway gave just enough information so that readers could draw their own conclusions. The entire story encompasses a conversation between two lovers and leaves the reader with more questions than answers. Ernest Hemingway was a brilliant writer. People that study Hemingways works try to gain insight andRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, a Theme Analysis Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesHemmingway uses time, place, and symbolism in Hills like White Elephants to intensify the central dilemma in a story about a man and a woman deciding on whether to go through with an abortion. Although a literal reading of the title may not seem to have any relation to the story, the title is rich in implications. Critics suggest that Hills refers to the shape of a womans stomach when pregnant, and Websters 21st Century Dictionary defines white elephant as: [An] awkward, useless possession. Read MoreEss ay on Dependence to Independence in Hills Like White Elephants862 Words   |  4 PagesDependence to Independence in Hills Like White Elephants  Ã‚   In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† the lives of Jig and the American, the main characters, are put on display for a brief period of time.   Jig and the man have had a romantic relationship for quite some time, and now their future together is in jeopardy.   The impregnation of Jig has caused the American to pressure her into getting an abortion.   We find these two individuals in the Valley of the Ebro.   Traveling fromRead MoreHills Like White Elephants and Good People1298 Words   |  5 Pagesalways best to have a firm understanding of how each author expresses their thoughts and emotions through the stories they tell. In comparing Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and David Foster Wallace’s â€Å"Good People† you get a different sense as to how each author conveys their thoughts of the very difficult and often taboo topic of abortion. Both stories are different in plot, conclusion, and cons truction, although they share common artistic similarities, including the large use of physicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1911 Words   |  8 PagesC2C Eric J Holm 10 Dec 2015 Dr. Van Nort Final Essay: â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Jig’s Abortion through the Historical and Textual Lens â€Å"I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 213). In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† an abortion is debated through subtleties, similes, and symbols. The abortion is never explicitly mentioned, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader to conclude what this â€Å"simple operation† really is (213)Read MoreEssay on Hemingways Minimalism in Hills Like White Elephants1455 Words   |  6 PagesHemingway’s Minimalism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In this essay we will look at Earnest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† as an example of his use of the minimalist technique, what that technique is, and what its overall effect has on the reader. What is minimalism and how did Hemingway use this technique in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†? The primary effect of Minimalism in modern prose is to place the control of the work back onto the reader. That is to say, the reader is forcedRead MoreBad Hooks Catch No Fish862 Words   |  4 Pageswriting. If not, then all could be lost, unless it is mentally forced upon. This is especially true for a novice, or introductory, reader getting into the finer aspects of literature or composition. Such as, Paul Rankin’s (2005) essay, on Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills like White Elephants,† lacks a motivated lead. The opening transition word could throw a reader in the opposite direction Rankin would have hoped for. The beginning paragraphs poor lead could cause one to become lost before the revelation of thesisRead MoreJig and the Stream of Life in Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†1646 Words   |  7 Pagesread Hemingway’s â€Å"H ills Like White Elephants†. A couple waiting to catch a train and as they sit and drink some beers, they start talking about Jig’s pregnancy and the option of abortion. However, all I can hear is silence because they simply do not speak the same language. They are both living in different worlds filled with divergent ideologies and opinions. As a result, the words do not come across. The American, though, does everything in his power to convince Jig of conducting an abortion, inRead MoreHills like white elephant5316 Words   |  22 PagesHills Like White Elephants: The Jilting of Jig Hashmi, Nilofer. The Hemingway Review, Volume 23, Number 1, Fall 2003, pp. 72-83 (Article) Published by University of Idaho Department of English DOI: 10.1353/hem.2004.0009 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hem/summary/v023/23.1hashmi.html Access Provided by Chulalongkorn University at 11/21/11 7:26AM GMT â€Å"hills like white elephants†: T h e j i lt i n g of j i g nilofer hashmi Georgia SouthernRead MoreMoving to the Girl’s Side of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†1697 Words   |  7 PagesSide of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In the article, â€Å"Moving to the Girl’s Side of ‘Hills Like White Elephants†, Stanley Renner carefully analyzes the movements of the female character and argues the different view from the general conclusion while still pondering on the open-end question the writer, Ernest Hemmingway, has left with the readers. Renner is left unsatisfied with the unresolved ending of the story. Although the majority of critics conclude that the girl will have an abortion to keep

Thematic Research Paper. In Aldous Huxley’S Novel, Brave

Thematic Research Paper In Aldous Huxley’s novel, Brave New World, strict societal rules and class structures bear negative results for the World State, such as resentment, gender inequality, and rebellion. The citizens resent different classes and societies, caused by draconian societal structure. A society wholly reliant on medical technology to thrive creates gender imbalance as it erases motherhood and has a flawed familial structure. The World State ultimately becomes its own worst enemy, as the harsh rules and caste system eventually lead the people to rebel against the law. Resentment caused by strict societal rules and classes is evident through the reactions of the citizens of the World State to the Savage. In the World State, the†¦show more content†¦As the director shows the students the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Center, he describes the Bokanovsky Process, a method to create genetically modified embryos. These embryos are born into various classes, such as Alphas, Deltas, and Epsilons. The Bokanovsky Process erases the need for motherhood. â€Å"Bokanovsky s Process is one of the major instruments of social stability...standard men and women; in uniform batches. The whole of a small factory staffed with the products of a single bokanovskified egg† (Huxley 4). As described in Brave New World, the Bokanovsky Process is a method of cloning individuals to create a unified World State and to forge fear of straying from standardization. In addition, biotechnology destroys the need for mothers and creates hatred of those who rebel against order and desire for motherhood. This rebellion is palpable when Bernard and Lenina visit Malpais and witness mothers inter acting with their children. The World State’s stringent society affects those who feel it is unjust, and these individuals renounce the laws and beliefs of their society. When Bernard and Lenina spend time in Malpais, they observe a spectacle foreign to them: motherhood. In the World State, society shuns those who merely think about motherhood, let alone dream of it. When Bernard notices mothers who are loving and caring for their children, he exemplifies unorthodox beliefs and discusses motherhood. â€Å"What a wonderfully

What is Microeconomics Free Essays

In Incentives, Commitments, and Habit Formation in Exercise: Evidence from a Field Experiment with Workers at a Fortune-500 Company study a wellness incentive program implemented at a large corporate headquarters office. Three groups of employees were given different types of financial incentives to visit the on-site fitness center, and their gym-going behavior was monitored for many months afterward. The incentives were that a set of employees received $10 per gym visit over 1 month. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Microeconomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the month was over then they were offered a 2 month contract to continue going with a little bit of a twist, to see the effect of it. How does a commitment contract work? The employee puts down a certain amount of money, they get to choose the amount. If they don’t stick to their commitment, they lose the money. They need to be able to go to the gym every 2 weeks over the next 2 months. It is all about risk vs commitment. How much do you really want this, do you want to see personal growth in yourself, are you doing it just so you don’t lose the money, it is all in your hands the way you decide to play it. Why would anyone want to take up this offer, the best possible result is breaking even? This was made to differentiate between your long-term preferences vs the short-term preferences. You may set a schedule saying I’m going Monday and Friday every week. You go Monday and you feel great after going and are excited to continue on Friday. You make it to Friday and you make plans with your friends instead of having your gym time. It was a long week so you want to have a good time. You should be able to reward yourself after a long week but do you think that you would feel even better and have a better time out if you went to the gym beforehand. With having this contract, say you know you haven’t been to the gym in 13 days and you need to go tomorrow or you lose your money. That might push people to get to the gym, not just for the money but that specific trip could make them want to keep going back in the long run. So the best-case scenario for a commitment contract is not just breaking even: its changing behavior in a positive way. About 1 out of every 8 employees offered a chance to create a commitment contract decided to do it (Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, 2015). Below are the results of the commitment contract subjects. It was shown that there was a spark in the gym visits more for the group who signed the contracts than when they were offered the $10 per visit. With the contract you are putting your own money on the line. You have something to lose if you don’t hold up your end of the bargain. In the long run it is not about the money, it is about your lifestyle and goals. You have things you want to achieve and sometimes you just need a little nudge to get you going. After the 2 month commitment ended, it was wanted to be known the long term effects of the subjects. It was shown that they had noticeably more frequent gym visits on average. Main Hypothesis: Does linking incentives to fitness really help you get to the gym more? Why is it that after the free trial period ends that most of the memberships decline? Why do people not continue on? See no results? Have no incentives? Commitment devices (Fitbit/ Apple Watch) may be the best way to achieve long-term changes New Year’s resolutions for most seem to be about Eating healthier, go to the gym more, and cut out sugar, most of health/Fitness related. Get statistics on the New Year’s resolutions. How may are making this there resolution and how many actually keep this resolution. 45% of people said that there 2018 resolution was to lose weight/get in shape Fitbit (27.4 million users) and My Fitness Pal (19.1 million users) are 2 of the most used fitness trackers in 2018 Only 8% of people keep their resolutions. People tend to over set goals. When they are too big to reach, you tend to fail. You also don’t want to under set your goals because you may be able to reach them too easily and not get the results out of them that you had really hoped. If you fail at your goal, that doesn’t mean you should give up. You just have to reevaluate the goal. You want to get back out there achieve your goals. Ex. You said you wanted to go to the gym 4 days a week, but that was too much with your schedule, you shouldn’t quit all together just go 2 days a week instead. Sources: https://www.statista.com/statistics/378105/new-years-resolution/ https://www.statista.com/statistics/650748/health-fitness-app-usage-usa/ https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-years-resolutions-psychology_us_5862d599e4b0d9a59459654c Economic Concepts: Everything is in the incentives, put it all out there. 54864132751300 Supply describes the total amount of a specific good or service that is available to consumers (Something needed or wanted) available to someone. (Market driven) People want a membership, they want to achieve their fitness goals, and they want to be a better version of themselves Demand consumer’s desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service. Cost of membership may increase as more member sign up In the study- they had to put up their own money, they were able to risk for their goals 45720036575900 Cost – (of an object or an action) require the payment of (a specified sum of money) before it can be acquired or done. The money they had to put up, their time, their energy, their commitment Benefit -an advantage or profit gained from something. Better body, feel good about themselves, achieved goals Bottom line https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/11/five-economic-concepts-need-to-know.asp Concluding thoughts Reading articles, writing this essay has got me thinking about my fitness goals and lifestyle. I own a Fitbit and I do enjoy it but I need to get back to using it for all of its features and feeling proud of what I have accomplished in a day. You need to be persistent and have goals. You can’t just decide one day to start working out. You need a plan and be physically and mentally ready to conquer the task you set up for yourself. You need an incentive first, that is what gets your foot in the door, and then you continue going because you want to better yourself. Once you start the drive to better body helps keep going back. How to cite What is Microeconomics, Papers

Organizational Environment

Introduction The Jumeirah group (hotel division) owns some of the most prestigious and luxurious hotels and resorts within Dubai and the U.A.E such as the Burj Al Arab, the Jumeirah Beach hotel, the World Trade Center Residence and the Madinat Jumeirah. Prices for rooms range from 1300, 1500 to 4000 dirham’s and above due to the various luxuries and amenities available to hotel guests.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It must be noted though that as direct result of the 2008 global financial crisis (which has extended till 2012) and the current economic problems that the U.S., Europe and Asia are experiencing right now due to turbulent financial markets this has created an atmosphere of uncertainty which has actually negatively impacted the number of hotel goers that have come into the U.A.E. In fact domestic demand for hotel stays has been waning for the past several years which when combined with the gradual decline in Dubai’s booming construction industry has resulted in various hotel chains, such as the Jumeirah group, finding themselves in a situation where the various luxuries and amenities that they offer actually turns away potential guests due to their uncertainty over spending on luxuries during a time of economic turmoil. PEST Analysis Political Factors An examination of the local economy within Dubai does show a significant degree of government intervention in both the construction industry and industrial development within the area. Not only that, it was noted that changes to labor codes which allowed companies to hire and overwork workers had actually resulted in a significant degree of cost savings for government based infrastructure development. While such factors do not directly impact the operational aspects of the various hotels that belong to the Jumeirah group they are an important detail to take note of. Economic Factors One of the current economic factors that affects guest rates for the Jumeirah group is connected to the current global economic turmoil that has made consumers more hesitant to utilize the services of the Jumeirah group. This prolonged recession has actually resulted in a direct slowdown of infrastructure development within Dubai and has cast doubt over the ability of the region to continue to maintain its current level of distinction which is the primary factor behind foreign guests foregoing to stay within the country.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social Factors One well known fact within Dubai is that most of the workers within the city are not natives, rather, they come from various countries in order to work within Dubai. While this does potentially present itself as an opportunity for local hotel industries the fact remains that due to its high prices and exclusivity the hotels of the Jumeirah group are often thought of as too expensive for even one night’s stay resulting in more people going to cheaper and lesser known hotels. Technological Factors Through the use of online advertising customers can now be reached and enticed to try out the services of the hotel. This can be accomplished using online ads and viral marketing campaigns, both of which have been proven to be cost effective methods of marketing. Environmental factors There are next to no environmental factors within the local area that would affect the hotel business within Dubai. Temperatures stay at a constant level throughout most of the year and there are no seasons or heavy pollution thus environmental factors are not an issue. Legal Factors When examining the current legal situation in Dubai nothing seems to facilitate any apparent problems with regards to the operational aspects of the hotels of the Jumeirah group. Ansoff Analysis Market Pe netration When examining the Jumeirah Group’s hotel division it can be seen that their projects such as the Burj Al Arab, the World Trade Center Residences and its various resorts has achieved a considerable degree of market penetration due to their popularity and uniqueness. Product Development While the hotel chain has sufficiently developed a great luxury hotel lineup it has insufficient affordable hotels within the Dubai and international market. As seen in various economic reports people have become unwilling to spend on luxury and have begun to concentrate on practicality which makes the Jumeirah Groups current predilection towards high end hotels a liability instead of an asset in this period of economic uncertainty.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organizational Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Market Development Overall, the Jumeirah group has been noted as using online advertisement s and international commercials to attempt to gain a greater consumer base. While such attempts have only marginally worked due to the current economic problems the region is facing it has created an overall positive effect for brand recognition in international markets. Diversification In terms of diversifying its operations it can be seen that the Jumeirah group, by establishing various hotels around the world, has in effect diversified its level of performance to encompass a worldwide market and as such can be considered a step in the right direction for the company. SWOT Analysis Strength The strength of the Jumeirah group within the Dubai region is the sheer scale of their projects and the degree of popularity they have with the local populace. This creates a certain degree of â€Å"hype† in order to try the services and experience the luxury that people are talking about. Weakness The hotel chain’s relatively high prices when combined with the current turmoil in economic markets makes most guests shy away from even thinking of using the hotel’s services and is indicative of a major need to reevaluate its pricing scheme. Opportunities Several opportunities exist for the Jumeirah group in the form of expanding their hotel chain to other countries abroad, creating discounted prices to entice customers to try out the hotel as well as utilizing online marketing platforms to attempt to reach a greater consumer base. Threats One of the main threats of the Jumeirah group within Dubai is the presence of several cheaper hotels within the city that are servicing guests that want an affordable means of visiting other countries due to the level of economic uncertainty that is currently affecting financial markets around the world. Discussion Based on a SWOT analysis of the Jumeirah group it can be see that the strength of the Jumeirah group within the Dubai region is the sheer scale of their projects and the degree of popularity they have with th e local populace. This creates a certain degree of â€Å"hype† in order to try the services and experience the luxury that people are talking about (Chacko, Williams, Schaffer, 2012).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore when compared to the Ansoff analysis of the Jumeirah group’s degree of market penetration it can be seen that their projects such as the Burj Al Arab, the World Trade Center Residences and its various resorts has achieved a considerable degree of market penetration due to their popularity and uniqueness. Both of these factors represent considerable advantages for the Jumeirah in terms of hotel division being able to withstand the current financial crisis through the sheer popularity of its hotels and resorts. On the other hand it must be noted that based on the SWOT analysis the weakness of the hotel chain is in its relatively high prices which when combined with the current turmoil in economic markets makes most guests shy away from even thinking of using the hotel’s services and is indicative of a major need to reevaluate its pricing scheme. Not only that one of the threats the hotel division has comes in the form of the presence of several cheaper hotels within the city that are servicing guests that want an affordable means of visiting other countries due to the level of economic uncertainty that is currently affecting financial markets around the world. It is based on this that this report will examine possible alternatives that the Jumeirah group can pursue in order to weather the current storm of the current financial turmoil that the world finds itself in. Current Consumer Segments being targeted by the Jumeirah group An examination of the market segmentation strategy that the Jumeirah group utilizes reveals that at the present there are two particular consumer groups that it has been targeting, namely: wealthy foreign tourists and wealthy local patrons. What must be understood is that the construction boom that occurred in Dubai over a decade was a direct result of plans to turn it into a financial and tourist center in order to secure its future when the supply of oil within the region begins to decline (Deskins Seevers, 20 11). As such the Jumeirah group capitalized on this vision by implanting a strategy where it constructed hotels and resorts to cater to the predicted influx of wealthy tourists to the region as well as wealthy locals. While such a strategy has worked for the past several years the unprecedented nature of the current financial crisis creates the necessity of a new strategy in order to ensure that the hotel chains of the Jumeirah group continue to survive. Recommended Marketing Mixes Foreign tourists In the case of foreign tourists what must be taken into consideration is the current financial recession that has currently created a distinct economic downturn in the global economy. Tourists are more reluctant to travel and spend money as compared to previous years and as a result fewer people have been booking rooms at the various hotels within the U.A.E. For this particular marketing mix the product in question are the luxury rooms that are available yet both their price and the fact that the current economic system is unstable makes consumers rather reluctant to utilize them. Based on this the simplest solution would be to lower the price of various rooms in order to entice more consumers, both locally and internationally, to use them. While it may be true that the hotel would not be able to earn as much compared to when it would charge full price for its various suites the fact remains that it would still be comparatively better as compared to not having any guests at all. As such in order to entice foreign tourists to come to the hotel one method of doing so would be to advertise internationally using both commercial ads and travel agencies that the prices of the hotel rooms would be slashed for a certain period of time and as such people can avail of the discount. Another factor to take into consideration is what particular place the Jumeirah group should focus on in order to gain more guests. One possible market are the cities of Beijing, Shang-hai and Guan g-zou, the reason for the selection of these particular cities is due to the fact that as a direct result of global outsourcing initiatives China has now become one of the largest manufacturing centers in the world with numerous cities within China holding the distinction of being areas where various Fortune 500 companies have set up their off shored factories. This trend in outsourcing has actually resulted in the creation of a new Chinese upper class, which due to their increased wealth, have now started to spend on a variety of luxurious items, homes and vacations. By advertising the various luxurious amenities available and by appealing to the Chinese sense of vanity it would be more than likely that the Jumeirah hotel group would be able to get more than just a few Chinese guests. As such one method of promoting this would be to use various translated television commercials and Chinese celebrity endorsements in order to entice the newly rich Chinese segment of the population to patronize the hotels of the Jumeirah group in the U.A.E (External Accounts To Withstand Instability, 2011). What must be understood is that this focus on international consumers is actually keeping in line with a PEST analysis of the Jumeirah which examined how local social factors affect the degree of product demand within Dubai. One well known fact within Dubai is that most of the workers within the city are not natives; rather, they come from various countries in order to work within Dubai. While this does potentially present itself as an opportunity for local hotel industries the fact remains that due to its high prices and exclusivity the hotels of the Jumeirah group are often thought of as too expensive for even one night’s stay resulting in more people going to cheaper and lesser known hotels. It is based on this their expansion into greater numbers of foreign clientele is not only a good move but is keeping in line with proper strategies in surviving through a recess ion. Wealthy local patrons In the case of wealthy local patrons, one possible marketing mix would be to create special offers for hotels that would otherwise be outside the price range of the lower tier of the elite within U.A.E. society. For example, hotels such as the Burj Al Arab cost roughly 3,000 to 5,000 dirham’s a day, while such an amount is not necessarily that high the fact remains that with the current financial crisis more people within the area are getting more reluctant to spend money due to economic uncertainties. As such one way of encouraging more guests to try the facilities is to lower the price range to 2,000 dirham’s or less per night and promote going to the hotel in various areas such as Qatar, Oman and other Middle Eastern countries in order to capitalize on some of them being curious as to what it is like in the Burj Al Arab. Possible methods of promotion could include television advertisements specifically targeting the areas stated as well as utilizing various TV promos and limited offerings through various travel agencies as well. Difference between Marketing to Organizations and Marketing to Consumers What must be understood is that hotels don’t always market directly to consumers rather they sometimes use intermediaries such as travel agents, tourist package websites and various organizations that bundle specific tour packages for tourists. The main difference between the two is that when hotels market direct to consumers they absorb most of the cost of marketing with fees related to commercials, celebrity sponsorship agreements, musical events and various extravaganzas in order to entice people to stay at the hotel. This actually creates a significant degree of cost for the hotel with no distinct certainty that they will be able to break even as a direct result of such actions. Not only that the marketing capabilities of hotels are limited to certain areas and cannot encompass all global locations. For exampl e, while the Jumeirah hotel group advertises its amenities to locations such as the U.S., Britain, France and Germany it lacks market penetration in places such as Japan, Australia, Canada, Russia and South America (Evans, 2009). This is not due to a lack of trying but rather a lack of resources to be able to effectively market their hotels to all areas around the world. In cases though where a hotel chain such as the Jumeirah group markets its products and services to organizations such as tourism agencies, tour groups and other tourist organizations it is able to ensure that consumers from all around the world are given the option of going to hotels owned by Jumeirah in the U.A.E. instead of hotels owned by other hotel chains (Hoping for an Obama effect, 2010). While it may be true that travel agencies and tourism organizations don’t directly advertise their services via commercials or ads the fact remains that most people go to such organizations in order to effectively pl an their trips and vacations. By marketing directly to such organizations and giving them a commission based on bookings the Jumeirah hotel group is in effect able to expand its market reach without having to utilize expensive marketing campaigns. This particular strategy is important to take note of due to the fact that with dwindling numbers of guests going to their various hotels it is necessary to find alternative cost effective solutions to reach a wider customer base and as such marketing to organizations provides the necessary means of doing so. Difference between International and Domestic Marketing In order to understand the difference and importance of international and domestic marketing it is important to first take note of the theory of consumer behavior in order to understand what drives consumption of a particular product or service. The theory of consumer behavior revolves around the concept of the perceived value or satisfaction that a consumer derives from the cons umption/ use of a particular commodity. In terms of actually understanding the demand side of market consumption/utilization the theory of consumer behavior uses two distinct methods of measurement, namely Total Utility (TU) and Marginal Utility (MU). Total utility is defined by various experts in the field on consumer behavior as being the equivalent to the total level of satisfaction that a consumer can get from the use/consumption of a particular good or service. In the field of analyzing consumer behavior marginal utility is basically described as an add-on, namely it is the additional form of satisfaction that a consumer /hotel guest can get from the use/consumption of an added portion of a particular good or service. It must be noted though that while total utility increases with the overall level of quality, at some point due to the continuous consumption of a particular product or use of a type of service the overall yield will result in smaller and smaller levels of additio nal utility towards the consumption (Leà ³n-Darder, Villar-Garcà ­a, Pla-Barber, 2011). To illustrate this point one can imagine a person buying a scoop of dark chocolate ice cream at an ice cream store due to the hot weather. While initially the total utility and marginal utility are equal if the person were to go back and kept on buying the same product in order to stay cold the total utility would increase due to the consumption however the marginal utility would decrease over time as a result of the continuous consumption of the same product. This is based on notion that continuous consumption of the same product would eventually cause a person to get tired of consuming it thus the added value continues to decrease over the course of consumption. In the case of domestic marketing the fact remains that most marketing campaigns take into consideration the theory of consumer behavior of diminishing returns as a result of continuous use of a particular service, there are only so many times a person can stay at the same hotel and resort before they get tired of it. As such in the case of domestic marketing what is done is usually limited marketing campaigns targeting particular seasons or days such as holidays, special events etc. however these campaigns don’t run throughout the year since it is inevitable that even if the hotel chain were to significantly increase the level of advertising it does domestically it still doesn’t automatically mean that the consumers who already go to the hotel will frequent the establishment even more. Another factor to consider is the fact that due to the high prices of the hotels of the Jumeirah group the number of local consumers is further limited to a select group. Thus in this particular case international marketing becomes a necessity. In the case of international marketing, while hotel chains don’t have to worry so much about customers getting tired of visiting their hotels the fact remains that in ternational marketing efforts actually have certain problems as well. There are considerably increased costs, the fact that it is harder to properly target the right consumer segments and the fact remains that marketing to different cultures also brings a certain degree of problems in relation to proper cultural compatibility with the services the hotel offers (Lafferty van Fossen, 2005). Examining Current Strategies of the Jumeirah Group (hotel division) in sustaining a competitive advantage One of the inherent problems in running a hotel business is that no matter how good or luxurious a hotel is the fact remains that consumers are not isolated to coming to that particular area. While Dubai is considered to be one of the most well planned cities in the world with extensive infrastructure development it is still just one city in a world where there are quite literally hundreds of metropolitan centers in countries such as the U.S., Germany and China. Businesses are not isolated in one particular area, they scattered throughout the globe with various consumers utilizing hotels as a home away from home. This statement is based on a PEST analysis regarding economic factors which contribute/ hinder people staying at the hotel. It specifically indicates that based on the economic factors of the PEST analysis one of the current economic factors that affects guest rates for the Jumeirah group is connected to the current global economic turmoil that has made consumers more hesitant to utilize the services of the Jumeirah group. This prolonged recession has actually resulted in a direct slowdown of infrastructure development within Dubai and has cast doubt over the ability of the region to continue to maintain its current level of distinction which is the primary factor behind foreign guests foregoing to stay within the country. Taking this into consideration it can be seen that one of the main limitations of the Jumeirah group in Dubai is the fact that due to the nat ure of the hotel business the product, namely the hotel, cannot go to the consumer rather the business has to wait for the consumer to come to it. Based on an Ansoff analysis regarding product diversification and market development it can be seen that overall the Jumeirah group has been noted as using online advertisements and international commercials to attempt to gain a greater consumer base (Middle Eastern hotel trade shows resilience to downturn, 2011). Unfortunately such actions have not been as successful with such attempts have only marginally worked due to the current economic problems the region is facing. It is due to this that in terms of Ansoff product diversification one way in which the Jumeirah group has mitigated this problem is to expand beyond its current customer base within the Middle East into countries such as Germany, China and the U.S. With hotels located in such areas the Jumeirah group is able to sustain a certain degree of competitive advantage as it is a ble to access consumer groups it was not able to before and as such is also able to raise brand awareness by a certain degree (Sidron, 2001). Based on a SWOT analysis of possible opportunities that the Jumeirah group can pursue their subsequent expansion into foreign markets in this particular manner is indicative of a positive utilization of existing opportunities which should help the company survive the current recession. Arrangement of Distribution Currently, the Jumeirah distributes its services across a wide array of different types of hotels, resorts and price schemes. Each hotel and resort, while luxurious, provides differing price schemes and packages that are prearranged to suit a variety of different budgets. This makes it easier for consumers to pick particular packages in what they believe would be more affordable to them. Prices, market conditions and organization objectives After the global financial recession occurred in 2008 hotel guest rates have been abysmally low within the past 4 years with fewer people willing to travel or stay at a hotel due to financial uncertainty (Smeral, 2009). Taking this into consideration the Jumeirah group has actually implemented special discounts available through their online websites where consumers can get up to 20% off for staying at particular hotels and resorts. While hotel rates still range between 1000 to 5000 dirhams and above the fact remains that the discounted hotel rates have actually encouraged an influx of consumers looking to take advantage of the decrease in prices. Based on an examination utilizing Ansoff which examined the degree of product development within the Jumeirah group hotel division is the fact that while the hotel chain has sufficiently developed a great luxury hotel lineup it has insufficient affordable hotels within the Dubai and international market. As seen in various economic reports people have become unwilling to spend on luxury and have begun to concentrate on practicality which makes the Jumeirah Groups current predilection towards high end hotels a liability instead of an asset in this period of economic uncertainty. Another interesting aspect to take note of is the fact that while prices at the various hotels of the Jumeirah group have gone slightly lower they are still considered rather high when compared to hotels of a lesser caliber. The reason behind this is rather simple, the Jumeirah group prides itself in providing luxury services for its clientele, that is its main objective and as such it is a necessity to charge commensurate prices in order to provide such services. While such a scheme has worked in the past it has run into major problems in the present due to the current level of economic turmoil in international markets hence the fact the Jumeirah group attempted to continue providing luxury services while encouraging guests to come by slightly lowering prices. It is based on the Ansoff analysis of the current product development scheme currently being utilized by the hotel that it can be seen that the focus of the Jumeirah group on luxury has come back to hurt them in an era where people are searching for practicality and a such is indicative of the need to change the hotel chain’s current approach towards getting customers. Reference List Chacko, H. E., Williams, K., Schaffer, J. (2012). A Conceptual Framework for Attracting Generation Y to the Hotel Industry Using a Seamless Hotel Organizational Structure. Journal Of Human Resources In Hospitality Tourism, 11(2), 106-122. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com Deskins, J., Seevers, M. T. (2011). Are State Expenditures to Promote Tourism Effective?. Journal Of Travel Research, 50(2), 154-170. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. External Accounts To Withstand Instability. (2011). Middle East Monitor: East Med,  21(11), 8. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. Evans, S. (2009). Operators turn to alternative markets. MEED: Middle East Economic  Digest, 53(17), 29 -33. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. Hoping for an Obama effect. (2010). Economist, 394(8663), 23-24. Lafferty, G., van Fossen, A. (2005). The role of clusters in preventing tourism decline: a conceptual and empirical examination. International Journal Of Services  Technology Management, 6(2), 1. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. Leà ³n-Darder, F., Villar-Garcà ­a, C., Pla-Barber, J. (2011). Entry mode choice in the internationalisation of the hotel industry: a holistic approach. Service Industries  Journal, 31(1), 107-122. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. Middle Eastern hotel trade shows resilience to downturn. (2011). Middle East, (418), 56. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. Sidron, J. (2001). Destination unveils incentives to woo clients. Travel Weekly, 60(99), 56. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. Smeral, E. (2009). The Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis on European Tourism. Journal Of Travel Research, 48(1), 3-13. Retrieved from www.EBSCOhost.com. This report on Organizational Environment was written and submitted by user Colten Holt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on How The Media Affects Womens Body Images

How the media affects women’s body image OUTLINE I. Having a bad day , this could be why II. Our body image A. What is body image? B. What is self-esteem? III. Looking good can be bad IV. What is the ideal body type? A. Physical appearance B. Model examples C. Survey in magazine V. Eating disorders A. Anorexia nervosa B. Bulimia nervosa C. Are you at risk? VI. Contributing factors A. Body image and advertising B. Body image and cultural influences VII. Is there light at the end of the tunnel? A. Changing the problem B. How to protect yourself  no surprise that issues dealing with body image are on the rise. WE are turning to the media as a role model to gain what is right. One example of that is a survey condusted by Dr. Garten along with Psychology Today. They asked 3,452 women a series of questions dealing with different aspects of their self-esteem and their views on the role the media plays on women. The women ranged in age from 13 to 90 and weighed between 77 pounds and 365 pounds. 89 women weighed 100 or less comparec to a similar number of 82 women that weighed in at more then 250 pounds. The 1997 survey showed increaded in the discomfort of Americans bodies then ever before. 89% of those women tested wanted to lose weigh. Their average weight was 140 pounds and their desired weight was 125 pounds. 67% of the women who were dissatisfied made the comment that modes cause them to question if they are thin enough. Some even stated that models leave them feeling jealous and resentful. Mind and body go hand in hand so it is not a surprise that a lot of these dissatisfied women try to lose weigh fast to obtain the unrealistic look of the media’s models(Garten). Losing weight can always make a person feel better but to much weight loss over a short period of time can cause many serious health problems. Mood changes, loss of hair, liver and heart problems, chill... Free Essays on How The Media Affects Women's Body Images Free Essays on How The Media Affects Women's Body Images How the media affects women’s body image OUTLINE I. Having a bad day , this could be why II. Our body image A. What is body image? B. What is self-esteem? III. Looking good can be bad IV. What is the ideal body type? A. Physical appearance B. Model examples C. Survey in magazine V. Eating disorders A. Anorexia nervosa B. Bulimia nervosa C. Are you at risk? VI. Contributing factors A. Body image and advertising B. Body image and cultural influences VII. Is there light at the end of the tunnel? A. Changing the problem B. How to protect yourself  no surprise that issues dealing with body image are on the rise. WE are turning to the media as a role model to gain what is right. One example of that is a survey condusted by Dr. Garten along with Psychology Today. They asked 3,452 women a series of questions dealing with different aspects of their self-esteem and their views on the role the media plays on women. The women ranged in age from 13 to 90 and weighed between 77 pounds and 365 pounds. 89 women weighed 100 or less comparec to a similar number of 82 women that weighed in at more then 250 pounds. The 1997 survey showed increaded in the discomfort of Americans bodies then ever before. 89% of those women tested wanted to lose weigh. Their average weight was 140 pounds and their desired weight was 125 pounds. 67% of the women who were dissatisfied made the comment that modes cause them to question if they are thin enough. Some even stated that models leave them feeling jealous and resentful. Mind and body go hand in hand so it is not a surprise that a lot of these dissatisfied women try to lose weigh fast to obtain the unrealistic look of the media’s models(Garten). Losing weight can always make a person feel better but to much weight loss over a short period of time can cause many serious health problems. Mood changes, loss of hair, liver and heart problems, chill...

Recovery-watch update - Emphasis

Recovery-watch update Recovery-watch update As the seasons turn and the nights draw in, we continue to track how often the terms recovery and green shoots appear in the broadsheets. And we ask: can we look to the newspapers for renewed hope, or mere cold comfort? With only the most intermittent exception, it is the latter. This pessimism has dominated since the news on 23 October that we still havent pulled out of the recession. Our research shows a huge drop-off in references to green shoots: at a feeble 41 (compared with 94 last month, and 167 in August), it is at its lowest number since 2008. This term has been becoming increasingly unpopular, not to mention mocked, as the situation drags on. The amount of articles featuring the word recovery has fallen to 1316 (from 1685 in September), which puts it about level with the June figures: a month when the Government came under attack for their role in the crisis. Theres little gentle solace here. The language of attack, war and brutality is prevalent in Octobers articles: emotive words like decimated, pummelled, crashing and shattering abound. Our hopes are mourned; the tyranny of numbers is feared; and we stand in the debris of shopping streets [] like bombsites. The purpose of such prose, besides sheer frustration by the authors, is unclear. Are we to rally in the face of this (we shall fight in BHS; we shall fight in Somerfields and on the High Street ) or hang our heads in defeat?

HRM in International Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HRM in International Context - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the human resource department is of colossal importance with regards to sustaining the competitive advantage in any company. This paper will look at the best possible hiring method and selection in regards to the deployment procedures of international expansion of a company where an HR manager has to be hired. The best policy will be analyzed so that the optimal results can be experienced. The international HR manager will have a diverse range of activities from hiring to interacting with people at larger levels. Any kind of loopholes in this domain can cost the company a lot of monetary damage thus different criteria will be discussed. Risks in this process and their solutions will also be discussed. The key requirements of the job is to uphold the company work objectives and this requirement is perfectly in demand of the staffing policy which will make sure that the true potential of the company in terms of performance, results and s ervices is deployed. Any business or company that is looking to expand globally cannot sustain growth rate without optimal staffing strategies in the international context. In the given scenario, there can be a lot of options for the staffing policy and it is dependent on different volatile variables but keeping in view the company demands and international canvas setups, ethnocentric staffing policy will be best to adopt while hiring international HR manager. Ethnocentric staffing policy argues to hire the individuals from the company with the intention of transferring the core competencies beyond the borders. In this approach, the intent is to hire an individual from the parent country which is the baseline of the company and headquarters. All the services, instructions and process of the HR related activates takes place from the parent-oriented culture. Another staffing policy that can be best used in this case is geocentric in which there is an increased canvas of scope and the organizational hierarchy can hire best human resource irrespective of their location and nationality. This staffing policy promises the best results because this policy is feasible and prone to changes in terms of adaptability. In this policy, translational strategies must be inculcated because the need of both global integration and local responsiveness is very high.

Examining the influence of street gangs on juvenile delinquency in Thesis

Examining the influence of street gangs on juvenile delinquency in eastern NC - Thesis Example Currently according to police reports of eastern North Carolina the rate of growth of gangs is estimated to be at 35%. This year alone there are about 14,000 gang members with over 500 gangs. Some individuals have even attempted to carry out research on gang activities (Carlie, 2008). The table below was used by the department of Juvenile justice and delinquency prevention in North Carolina. It shows the level of prevalence of gang activity in North Carolina In his own account, Patrick Radden wanted to understand why the groups seemed to be distributed almost everywhere. He took the initiative of carrying out a research on the migration of gangs and the reason for gangs’ prevalence in some of the states, in the US (Kate, 2012). . He was able to carry out on the research explaining in details how the gangs migrated and spread to most parts of the state (Joyce, 2012). According to his research, he was unable to provide quantitative data, his information is only theoretical, and it proves the desire for further exploration. According to the various research activities carried out there is a problem to the society, as well as to the government. However, this works have helped the society to understand the magnitude and type of challenge it is facing. Conversely, the government has strived to establish the level of prevalence of the gang activities in the society together with its magnitude (Karen, Bullocka and Tilley, 2008). Although there is no much data concerning gang activities, what is available is enough to give all parties concerned i.e. the government and the society of the true picture of what is in the ground. The government has already done much concerning the issue of the gangs as well as the society. However, it is clear that what has been done is not enough and there is the need for more to be done (Harlow, 1983). These

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth INTRODUCTION One of the key indicators, of economic development of a country, is its level of industrialization. That is, as many empirical investigations proved the main reason for increased divergence in living standards between the advanced countries and the developing countries is their level of industrialization. This being the fact, it is only after decolonization and end of world War II that, developing countries consciously adopted industrialization strategies for economic development purposes and as a solution, from their vulnerable dependence on export of few primary products and import of high valued manufactured goods (Brisbane, 1980). The low terms of trade in international market for primary goods from former colonies and the determination to get out of severe poverty and register sustained growth, were the main reasons for the diversification of the narrow structure of the colonial economy. Industrialization is beneficial for developing countries for many reasons including the following (i) it reduces their vulnerable dependence; (ii) it speeds up their economic growth process; (iii) it modernize the economy through spill over or externalities effects associated with industrialization, from advanced countries; (iv) create more employment for the vast population in rural agricultural sector and accelerate income growth which is used as a means to re-distribute income to the impoverished masses; and (v) generate more foreign currency through export which reduces balance of payment problems (Brisbane, 1980). As Brisbane explained, to industrialize, developing countries adopted import substitution strategies from about 1945 to the 1970s. Import substitution strategy is designed to produce few luxury consumer goods for domestic consumption behind a very high tariff wall. However, most countries which followed the import substitution strategy failed, to meet the goal of industrialization, while spectacular growth and development was reported from developing countries that pursued an export oriented strategy, in the 1970s. Defined simply, export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) often termed as export led industrialization (ELI) is a policy designed for the purpose of speeding up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. This policy requires countries to open up their domestic market to foreign competition in return to getting access to international market. In order to promote EOI and ultimately economic development, complementary policies in relation to tariffs, trade, exchange rate, and others need to be adopted and employed. This paper will critically examine how export oriented industrialization is essential for economic growth in developing countries, if it can be backed up by appropriate policies on trade, industrial policy and exchange rate policy, geared for that purpose. The paper also argues that export oriented industrialization has its own drawbacks. Thus, the essay is structured as follows: In section 2, It the paper analyses the significance of policies on the functioning of EOI, particularly: trade policy, industrial policy and exchange rate policy that developing countries need to adopt and identifies areas where government intervention is needed to bring economic development. It then explains the drawbacks of export oriented industrialization, on export dependence countries, in Section 3. Then section 4, empirically examines how EOI contributes to economic development and the conclusions are presented in section 5. 2. Significance of Policies on EOI The role of complementary policies for effectiveness of export oriented industrialization is undeniable. This paper focuses mainly on how trade, industrial and exchange rate policies can support EOI policy. 2.1 Trade policy: Appropriate trade policy is one of the key tools used for effective of export oriented industrialization and for economic development, in general. That is, the better trade policy a country has, the better chance it has for industrial diversification, creating value added products and getting more income from export. Theoretical context: Even if, there has been little consensus on the relationship between trade and short- to medium -term economic growth-and even less on its role in long term economic development. The principle of comparative advantage, which prescribe countries to specialize as to their factor endowment, first described by David Ricardo, forms the theoretical basis for traditional trade theory and provides the rationale for free trade. The principle states that even if a country produced all goods more cheaply than other countries, it would benefit by specializing in the export of its relatively cheapest good (or the good in which it has a comparative advantage)(Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 10). And some classical economists believed that the principal base for this principle is the difference in factor endowments among countries determine the relative cost of production. However, this traditional theory from classical economists has been challenged as it doesnt explain well the actual trade patterns and as the theory has unrealistic assumptions, like perfect competition, full employment etc (Murray Gibbs 2007). In addition to the unrealistic assumptions, in real situations the theory favors advanced countries, and developing countries hardly benefit anything from it. The controversial Singer Prebisch thesis, also explained this situation by stating that it is the center that gets all the benefits of international trade while the periphery gets nothing, which opposes to the Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage. He argued: given the differences in the existing economic, productive and labor market structures between the periphery and the center (in the application of technology in traded goods and in the market structures; oligopoly vs. competitive) less-developed countries cannot benefit from international market, if they adopt comparative advan tage doctrine (Todaro and Smith 2009).This is because developing countries usually produce and export primary products which have lower terms of trade. And the scope for diversification is too narrow, and these conditions put developing countries to have vulnerable dependence on international market. Thus, unlike the classical economists static comparative advantage doctrine, dynamic comparative advantage is a better option for developing countries. This is because as more innovation, technology, capital, and other requirements for industrializations are met and as industrialization happens in developing countries, it will be easier to diversify their economic structure, as manufactured goods have better terms of trade than primary products. Skarstein (2007) in his paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies,criticized the comparative advantage doctrine. He argued, what matters most in international trade is the absolute advantage that countries get out of it than a comparative advantage. And empirical evidences show that the doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade benefit the advanced countries only. This is mainly because the doctrines are likely to exclude international learning among countries. Particularly, the WTO agreement, Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), which is a big challenge developing countries to acquire technology, skill and international learning from the rest of the world. He also argued, for a trade policy to function effectively, developing countries have to make sure that, this policy is well integrated with their industrial policy. And in addition to these, developing countries have to get support from advanced countries, through reduced import tariffs for goods from developing countries and by giving developing countries a chance to protect their industries and to get easy access to international market. He also stressed that, developing countries have to ensure that food security is maintained in their countries, as it keeps them safe from their foreign account, balance of payment problems as well. Thus, governments of developing countries have to protect agricultural production for consumption. Therefore, while designing policies, developing countries have to consider the dynamic comparative advantage or absolute advantage options. In addition to this, they also have to consider how their economic integration to the world economy should be in support of EOI. 2.2 Industrial policy: A proper industrial policy is also another important tool for effective export oriented industrialization, as a countrys industrialization depends on how individual domestic firms are protected. This is because, it is individual firms that innovate and harness technological change and compete in the world market (Suranovic, 2002). The basic policy component of industrial policy for developing countries is Infant industry protection. It is a necessary condition, because newly emerging firms in developing countries need some policy to help them grow strong and to safeguard them from intrusion of foreign firms in their market, that have a negative effect on their growth. Infant industries in developing countries can mainly be protected through import tariff mechanism, which reduce imports from the rest of the world and raises demand and production of domestic product. This protection enables the domestic firms to cover their higher production costs and to remain in business. Depending on the nature of the firm, infant industry protection strategy will help the domestic firms to produce efficiently and to be competent in international markets. However, in order to use the infant industry protection policy as a tool for export oriented industrialization, government of developing countries need to have reliable information about what industry to protect, how large the production tariffs need to be and over what period the tariffs will be reduced and eliminated. Because import tariffs have to be gradually reduced and eliminated, to increase efficiency of domestic firms. A complementary policy component to infant industry protection in export oriented industrialization is export promotion. This component stimulates export and allows the infant industry to have access to international market, while Infant industry protection policy allows the new domestic firm to grow strong. For industrial policy to be effective it has to be complemented by competition policy, as some regulations are required for the competition among domestic firms and simultaneously, as there is a need for policy to protect the domestic firms from intrusion of foreign firms in their market. A coherent execution of industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to trade policies. This is because trade policies are designed usually in accordance with a countrys trade negotiations, which include: policies related to investment, tariff, Intellectual property, and others. The effectiveness of tariffs as a tool for industrialization is also linked to the monetary policy framework within which it operates. When the capital account is liberalized control over exchange rates may be lost and the appreciation of exchange rates can obviously undermine export competitiveness and the impact of tariff protection (Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 19). 2.3. Exchange rate policy: The role of exchange rate policy in the success of export oriented industrialization strategy is undeniable. Exchange rate is a policy on the level of exchange rate of a countrys currency. The main challenge in formulating the exchange rate policy is in keeping balance between maintaining exchange rate stability and maintaining export price competitiveness, which requires devaluation. Devaluation increases the value of imports, while it gives options for exporters to choose either to reduce the prices of their products or to keep them as they are, to increase their profit margin. Thus, devaluation, at a cost of higher inflation, enables domestic industries to be competent internationally, by keeping the volume of import down and by raising the volume of export (domestic output) higher. The role of government in controlling inflation, to stabilize the economy is very essential, here. Thus, this phenomenon in addition to supporting the export oriented industrialization process it helps countries to improve their current account balance in Balance of payment problem (Jacob, Atta ; Keith R., Jefferis ; Ita, Mannathoko and Pelani, Siwawa-Ndai 2000) 3. Drawbacks of Export dependence A country is dependent on export, if export constitutes the largest portion of its gross domestic products. However, even if EOI strategy contributes for economic development, the extent to which this strategy is applied has to be considered for various reasons. To mention some of them, as dependency theorists argue: first, export dependent developing countries cause chaos on the long-term economic planning capacity of a nation-state (Barratt-Brown Prebisch) as these countries have little or no control over the market, to allow sustained economic growth through stable revenue. Second, Income from export is not a reliable source for economic development for developing countries. As many of the export oriented industrializations in these countries are owned by multinational corporations, and large portion of revenue from such sources are not repatriated, to be used for re-investment (Jaffee, 1985). 4. Empirical evidence: Skarstein, 2007 paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies, showed the empirical evidences on EOIs contribution for miraculous economic development of the Asian tigers and the now developed countries. It mainly showed the relationship between economic development and effective implementation of infant industries protection policy and export promotion policy. In support of this, it is argued, that many people have argued that Infant industry protection was precisely the industrial development strategy that was pursued by countries like the US and Germany during their rapid industrial development before the turn of the 20th century. Both the US and Germany had high tariffs during their industrial revolution periods. These tariffs helped protect fledgling industries from competition with more efficient firms in Britain and may have been the necessary requirement to stimulate economic growth (Suranovic 2002) Bairoch also analyzed data and concluded that the different the effect of free trade on developed and developing countries is. In all the cases he analyzed, free trade has a positive effect on developed countries while it lets the least developed countries to suffer. He mentioned that United Kingdom registered its fastest growth during the period (1860 1880). In those cases he analyzed, how effective import tariffs for developing countries were in their economic development (Bairoch, 1972, p. 211). In his paper, Skarstein, illustrated, with detailed data how the East Asian tigers used industrialization policy for their economic development. That is: first by implementing a policy of protected import substitution and then, as their industries grow competent, by shifting their industrialization strategy to export oriented industrialization, with a slow reduction of import barriers for industrial good. And, at the same time, how implementing high import protection for their agriculture helped them to maintain food security and helped their success in industrialization The miraculous performance of the East and South East Asian countries during 1970s to 1990s cannot be analyzed without considering the connection between the export -oriented policies and economic growth. In the Newly Industrialized Economies from East and South East Asia, the general macroeconomic policies as well as selective export promotion policies facilitated the high export and economic growth. Following their path China and India also changed their policy stance in favor of export oriented policies and moved on the high growth trajectories. 5. Conclusions: In sum industrialization is a key process for developing countries for economic development. However, as many economists agree, the process of economic development is very complex, as it depends on large number of variables such as political system, socio economic structure, capital accumulation (both physical and human), trade, price fluctuations, and income distribution, and even more on geographical characteristics. As such, while export oriented industrialization contributes to economic growth, it is not necessarily indispensable to the growth and development of developing countries. As explained in this essay, EOI can be one of the key strategies to register economic growth. And in order for it to function effectively it has to be supported by appropriate components of the policy like: infant industry protection strategy, competition policy, export promotion strategy and others. More specifically, it requires well functioning and well integrated macroeconomic policies like: trade policy, industrial policy, exchange rate policy, investment policy, tariff policy and others. Government intervention also plays a key role in making the export oriented industrialization effective for economic development. Examined empirical evidences also reveal that Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly the characteristic of the economic development of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period . In addition to Asian Tigers, evidences also tell how EOI strategy contributed for the economic development of US, Germany and others, who are now in developed world category. However, though the role of export oriented industrialization in economic development is undeniable, countries have to also carefully consider its share in the gross domestic product, as larger export dependence has a negative effect on economic growth.

History of Motorcycles Essay

History Of Motorcycles And The Automobile Industries Marketing Essay Automobile is one of the largest industries in global market. Being the leader in product and process technologies in the manufacturing sector, it has been recognized as one of the drivers of economic growth. During the last decade, well directed efforts have been made to provide a new look to the automobile policy for realizing the sector’s full potential for the economy. Steps like abolition of licensing, removal of quantitative restrictions and initiatives to bring the policy framework in consonance with WTO requirements have set the industry in a progressive track. Removal of the restrictive environment has helped restructuring, and enabled industry to absorb new technologies, aligning itself with the global development and also to realize its potential in the country. The two-wheeler industry has been in existence in our country since 1955. Two-wheeler segment is one of the most important components of the automobile sector that has undergone significant changes due to shift in policy environment in India. The composition of the two-wheeler industry has witnessed sea changes in the postreform period. It consists of three segments viz. scooters, motorcycles and mopeds. India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Hero Honda, the ‘World No. 1’ two wheeler manufacturer for past 5 years in row is a joint venture between India’s Hero Group and Honda Motor Company, Japan has not only created the world’s single largest two wheeler company but also one of the most successful joint ventures worldwide. India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50’s. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country. Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. Hero Honda and Bajaj Auto are two of the Indian companies that top the list of world companies manufacturing two-wheelers. The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign companies in the mid 1980s. The openness of Indian market to foreign companies lead to the arrival of new models of two-wheelers into India. Easy availability of loans from the banks, relatively low rate of interest and the discount of prices offered by the dealers and manufacturers lead to the increasing demand for two-wheeler vehicles in India. This lead to the strong growth of Indian automobile industry. The two-wheeler industry in India has grown rapidly in the country since the announcement of the process of liberalization in 1991 by the then finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, now Prime Minister of India. Previously, there were only a handful of two-wheeler models available in the country. Currently, India is the second largest producer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to China and Japan in terms of the number of two wheelers produced and the sales of two-wheelers respectively. In the year 2005-2006, the annual production of two-wheelers in India stood at around 7600801 units. The trend of owning two-wheelers is due to a variety of facts peculiar to India. One of the chief factors is poor public transport in many parts of India. Additionally, two-wheelers offer a great deal of convenience and mobility for the Indian family. Hero Honda Motors Limited, based in Delhi, India, is the world’s largest manufacturer of motorcycles. Hero Honda is a joint venture that began in 1984 between the Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan. It has been the world’s biggest manufacturer of 2wheeled motorized vehicles since 2001, when it produced 1. 3 million motorbikes in a single year. Hero Honda’s Splendor is the world’s largest selling motorcycle. EVOLUTION OF TWO-WHEELER INDUSTRY IN INDIA Two-wheeler segment is one of the most important components of the automobile sector that has undergone significant changes due to shift in policy environment. The two-wheeler industry has been in existence in the country since 1955. It consists of three segments viz. scooters, motorcycles and mopeds. According to the figures published by SIAM, the share of two-wheelers in automobile sector in terms of units sold was about 80 per cent during 2003- ¬04. This high figure itself is suggestive of the importance of the sector. In the initial years, entry of firms, capacity expansion, choice of products including capacity mix and technology, all critical areas of functioning of an industry, were effectively controlled by the State machinery. The lapses in the system had invited fresh policy options that came into being in late sixties. Amongst these policies, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) and Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) were aimed at regulating monopoly and foreign investment respectively. This controlling mechanism over the industry resulted in: (a) several firms operating below minimum scale of efficiency; (b) underutilization of capacity; and (c) usage of outdated technology. Recognition of the damaging effects of licensing and fettering policies led to initiation of reforms, which ultimately took a more prominent shape with the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1985. However, the major set of reforms was launched in the year 1991 in response to the major macroeconomic crisis faced by the economy. The industrial policies shifted from a regime of regulation and tight control to a more liberalized and competitive era. Two major results of policy changes during these years in two-wheeler industry were that the, weaker players died out giving way to the new entrants and superior products and a sizeable increase in number of brands entered the market that compelled the firms to compete on the basis of product attributes. Finally, the two- ¬wheeler industry in the country has been able to witness a proliferation of brands with introduction of new technology as well as increase in number of players. However, with various policy measures undertaken in order to increase the competition, though the degree of concentration has been lessened over time, deregulation of the industry has not really resulted in higher level of competition. A GROWTH PERSPECTIVE The composition of the two-wheeler industry has witnessed sea changes in the post-reform period. In 1991, the share of scooters was about 50 per cent of the total 2-wheeler demand in the Indian market. Motorcycle and moped had been experiencing almost equal level of shares in the total number of two wheelers. In 2003-04, the share of motorcycles increased to 78 per cent of the total two-wheelers while the shares of scooters and mopeds declined to the level of 16 and 6 per cent respectively. Different scenarios have been presented based on different assumptions regarding the demand drivers of the two-wheeler industry. The demand for mopeds is not presented in this analysis due to its already shrinking status compared to’ motorcycles and scooters. The high growth rate in motorcycle segment at present will stabilize after a certain point beyond which a condition of equilibrium will set the growth path. Another important thing to keep in mind while interpreting these growth rates is that the forecast could consider the trend till 1999 and the model could not capture the recent developments that have taken place in last few years . India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50’s. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country. Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. Hero Honda and Bajaj Auto are two of the Indian companies that top the list of world companies manufacturing two-wheelers. The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign companies in the mid 1980s. The openness of Indian market to foreign companies lead to the arrival of new models of two-wheelers into India. Easy availability of loans from the banks, relatively low rate of interest and the discount of prices offered by the dealers and manufacturers lead to the increasing demand for two-wheeler vehicles in India. This lead to the strong growth of Indian automobile industry. HERO HONDA Hero Honda Motors Limited, based in Delhi, India, is the world’s largest manufacturer of motorcycles. Hero Honda is a joint venture that began in 1984 between the Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan. It has been the world’s biggest manufacturer of 2wheeled motorized vehicles since 2001, when it produced 1. 3 million motorbikes in a single year. During the 80s, Hero Honda became the first company in India to prove that it was possible to drive a vehicle without polluting the roads. The company introduced new generation motorcycles that set industry benchmarks for fuel thrift and low emission. A legendary ‘Fill it – Shut it – Forget it’ campaign captured the imagination of commuters across India, and Hero Honda sold millions of bikes purely on the commitment of increased mileage. Over 20 million Hero Honda two wheelers tread Indian roads today. These are almost as many as the number of people in Finland, Ireland and Sweden put together! Hero Honda has consistently grown at double digits since inception; and today, every second motorcycle sold in the country is a Hero Honda. Every 30 seconds, someone in India buys Hero Honda’s top -selling motorcycle – Splendor. This festive season, the company sold half a million two wheelers in a single month—a feat unparalleled in global automotive history. Hero Honda bikes currently roll out from its three globally benchmarked manufacturing facilities. Two of these are based at Dharuhera and Gurgaon in Haryana and the third state of the art manufacturing facility was inaugurated at Haridwar, Uttrakhand in April this year. These plants together are capable of producing out 4. 4 million units per year. Hero Honda’s extensive sales and service network now spans over 3000 customer touch points. These comprise a mix of dealerships, service and spare points, spare parts stockiest and authorized representatives of dealers located across different geographies. Hero Honda values its relationship with customers. Its unique CRM initiative – Hero Honda Passport Program, one of the largest programs of this kind in the world, has over 3 million members on its roster. The program has not only helped Hero Honda understand its customers and deliver value at different price points, but has also created a loyal community of brand ambassadors. Having reached an unassailable pole position in the Indian two wheeler market, Hero Honda is constantly working towards consolidating its position in the market place. The company believes that changing demographic profile of India, increasing urbanization and the empowerment of rural India will add millions of new families to the economic mainstream. This would provide the growth ballast that would sustain Hero Honda in the years to come. As Brijmohan Lall Munjal, the Chairman, Hero Honda Motors succinctly points out, â€Å"We pioneered India’s motorcycle industry, and it’s our responsibility now to take the industry to the next level. We’ll do all it takes to reach there. † WHICH SEGMENTS ARE BEING TARGETED AND NEED TO INFLUENCE THE TARGET MARKET? Geographic Segmentation calls for division of the market into different geographical units such as nations, states, regions, countries, cities, or neighborhoods. In the South Asian context, geographic segmentation assumes importance due to variations in consumer preferences and purchase habits across different regions, across different countries, and across different states in these countries. Demographic Segmentation In Demographic Segmentation, we divide the market into groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality and social class. One reason demographic variables are so popular with marketers in that they’re often associated with consumer needs and wants. Another is that they’re easy to measure. Psychographic Segmentation Psychographics is the science of using psychology and demographics to better understand consumers. In psychographic segmentation, buyers are divided into different groups on the basis of psychological/personality traits, lifestyle, or values. People within the same demographic group can exhibit very different psychographic profiles. Values and lifestyles significantly affect product and brand choice of consumers. Religion has a significant influence on values and lifestyles. Market Targeting: Effective Segmentation Criteria to be useful, market segments must rate favorably on five key criteria: 1. Measurable, the size, purchasing power and characteristics of the segments can be measured. 2. Substantial, The segments are large and profitable enough to serve. A segment should be the largest possible homogenous group worth going after with a tailored marketing program. It would not pay, for example, for an automobile manufacture to develop cars for people who are less four feet tall. 3. Accessible, The segments can be effectively reached and served. Differentiable, The segments are conceptually distinguishable and respond differently to different marketing-mix elements and programs. If married and unmarried women respond similarly to a sale on perfume, they do not constitute separate segments. Actionable, Effective programs can be formulated for attracting and serving the segments. Hero Honda is targeting at youth, Unicorn looked sportier than all the existing motorcycles in the premium segment and was pitted against Bajaj Pulsar, the leader with 75 percent market share in that segment. DIFFERENT PROMOTIONAL TOOLS USED AND THE STRATEGY BEING USING THESE TOOLS? Promotion: Above the line (ATL) is an advertising technique using mass media to promote brands. Major above-the-line techniques include TV and radio advertising, print advertising and internet banner ads. This type of communication is conventional in nature and is considered impersonal to customers. The ATL strategy makes use of current traditional media: television, newspapers, magazines, radio, outdoor, and internet. Hero Honda used Above the Line Promotion because in the Above the Line promotion co. members used advertisement through Radio, T. V. , Newspaper and Other media communications. Place: Geographical Placing: – Geographical placing of the product has divided into 4 markets and these are: 1. Local 2. National 3. Regional 4. International Hero Honda used National Market for sale the Hero Honda Splendor. Hero Honda is also planning an extensive marketing campaign with the launch, which would reflect the bike’s contemporary styling and advanced technology. The integrated marketing campaign for ZMR will include outdoor media, Web, mobile, ground activations, print and electronic media, said the company. Hero Honda Pleasure – â€Å"Why should boys have all the fun? † Isn’t that a must ride statement, that can tempt any girl to just buzz with the wind. The Hero Honda Pleasure is Hero Honda’s maiden venture into the burgeoning gear-less scooter market. The pleasure has schemed its strategies to be the best seller by concentrating much on the interest of young girls who love to rock the field of glamor, luxury and comfort. Eye catchy features: The Pleasure sports flashy colours, from Tahitian blue metallic, force silver to the ever trendy colour black. Multi-reflector headlight, body-coloured mirrors, multi-reflector indicators, trendy rear grip, modern tall light cluster, and a new age oval-shaped instrument panel all make the Pleasure a head-turner. For more comfort during the ride, the scooter is designed with broader seat that offers greater riding comfort. Capacious luggage space, has been configured which, is large enough to keep even a helmet. The Pleasure is equipped with a technology, tuff-up tube and tyre combo that offers immediate remedy in the event of a puncture, by releasing an anti-puncture sealant gel. It is capable of attaining a top speed of 77kph. Hero Honda ahead in introducing new technology. The Company has left the competition in the motorcycle segment far behind in volumes as its nearest rival, Bajaj Auto, is a distant second with a market share of around 28 per cent only. The company’s success till date relates to the timely decisions regarding introduction of new technology products. Hero Honda was the first company in India to set standards for fuel efficiency with the launch of a four-stroke motorcycle in the mid-Nineties. This decision is yielding good results even today as can be seen from an uninterrupted growth witnessed by the company in its sales turnover and profitability margins over the past several years. However, future growth in these financial parameters, to a large extent, would also depend upon the way competition gears up in the domestic motorcycle market from the local, as well as foreign players. An eye on the customer In an effort to enhance value for customers, the company has initiated the â€Å"Rs 1001 customer price† benefit program across all its models. In addition, the passport program — which entitles a customer to a Rs 1 lakh accident insurance, lucky draws, gifts against redeemable points, cash discount on consumer durables, free tickets to company sponsored events, etc. – has met with an encouraging response (it has attracted around five lakh members to date) and is expected to continue its success into the future as well. Hero Honda: A ‘passion’ for growth Hero Honda has come up with yet another year of sharp growth in financial performance. The company has developed this ability to spring a surprise in terms of outperforming expectationsThe increase in sales volume and improvement in realization have both played a role in pushing up the turnover. The change in product-mix in favour of higher value products has resulted in improved realization for the company. The growing popularity of the Passion model appears to be the key factor behind improvement in unit realization. Aided by the emphasis on indigenisation, the company has managed to achieve better operational efficiency. The positive impact of these measures is reflected in the form of lower raw material cost (in relation to sales). The company is all set to make a foray into the lower price segment of the four-stroke market. Taking into account the recent trend in performance, the company appears well positioned to retain its top position in the motor cycle market and also sustain the recent rate of growth. Hero Honda is World Leader For 2001- 02, volume up by 38 per cent ; net profit soars by 88 per cent; total turnover up by 42 per cent Achieves a high 48 per cent motorcycle market share; and 33 per cent two-wheeler market share Announces 350 per cent final dividend and 250 per cent celebration dividend (over and above special interim dividend of 250%) Over the last five years, company’s total turnover grows by a whopping 580 %; PAT by 919 % Hero Honda plans sports spectacular. Hero Honda plans to organize a sports and glamour extravaganza in the country, on the lines of the Laureus World Sports Awards currently on in Monaco , in association with the Laureus world sports for Good Foundation, the organizer of the award. Revving up to stay on top Having achieved the status of the largest two-wheeler company in the world, Hero Honda now seeks to retain that slot. The company has a large portfolio of brands, with the money-spinners being mainly Splendor (the world’s largest selling bike) and Passion. However, the company claims it was the launch of the 150cc CBZ, which established Hero Honda as an aspirational brand. â€Å"The launch of CBZ got us into a different league altogether. Celebrating its 25th year, Hero Honda released an innovative music video in the month of September. Titled â€Å"Hero Honda Dhak Dhak Go†, and involving as many as eight brand ambassadors of Hero Honda, the music video has been receiving rave reviews. WHICH STRATEGY OUT OF PUSH AND PULL IS USED AND WHY? Hero Honda is using both the strategy push as well as pull A push-pull-system in business describes the movement of a product or information between two subjects. On markets the consumers usually â€Å"pulls† the goods or information they demand for their needs, while the offerers or suppliers â€Å"pushes† them toward the consumers. Different push and pull strategies used by hero Honda: Push strategy Another meaning of the push strategy in marketing can be found in the communication between seller and buyer. In dependence of the used medium, the communication can be either interactive or non-interactive. For example, if the seller makes his promotion by television or radio, it’s not possible for the buyer to interact with. On the other hand, if the communication is made by phone or internet, the buyer has possibilities to interact with the seller. In the first case information is just â€Å"pushed† toward the buyer, while in the second case it is possible for the buyer to demand the needed information according to his requirements. Applied to that portion of the supply chain where demand uncertainty is relatively small Production & distribution decisions are based on long term forecasts Based on past orders received from retailer’s warehouse (may lead to Bullwhip effect) Inability to meet changing demand patterns. Large and variable production batches Unacceptable service levels Excessive inventories due to the need for large safety stocks Pull strategy In a â€Å"pull† system the consumer requests the product and â€Å"pulls† it through the delivery channel. An example of this is the car manufacturing company Ford Australia. Ford Australia only produces cars when they have been ordered by the customers. Applied to that portion of the supply chain where demand uncertainty is high Production and distribution are demand driven No inventory, response to specific orders. Point of sale (POS) data comes in handy when shared with supply chain partners Decrease in lead time Difficult to implement Key Hero Honda brands continue to drive strong volumes across segments – CD Deluxe in entry segment, Glamour, the new Splendor NXG, Splendor + and Passion Plus in deluxe segment, and Hunk, CBZ X-treme and Karizma in the premium segment. .Hero Honda’s strategy for aggressive top line growth through new product launches, brand building initiatives backed by innovative communication has resulted in market share gain across every segment. Indeed, Hero Honda’s share in domestic motorcycles market has been growing upward of 50 per cent, despite the slowdown in the two-wheeler industry â€Å"However, we will stay true to our winning strategy, and keep refreshing our product portfolio and continue to invest in brand building. CRITICAL APPRAISAL The feeling of freedom and being one with the Nature comes only from riding a two wheeler. Indians prefer the two wheelers because of their small manageable size, low maintenance, pricing and easy loan repayments. Indian streets are full of people of all age groups riding a two wheeler. Motorized two wheelers are seen as a symbol of status by the populace. Thus, in India, we would see swanky four wheels jostling with our ever reliable and sturdy steed: the two wheeler. Since the first car rolled out on the streets of Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1898, the Automobile Industry of India has come a long way. India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. In India there are 7 scooter manufacturers, 9 motorcycle manufacturers, 3 moped manufacturers. Bajaj Auto, Hero Honda, TVS, etc are the leading manufacturers. HEROHONDA has been the world’s biggest manufacturer of 2-wheeled motorized vehicles since 2001, when it produced 1. 3 million motorbikes in a single year. Hero Honda’s Splendor is the world’s largest selling motorcycle. Today Hero Honda has an assembly line of nine different models of motorcycles available. It holds the record for most popular bike in the world by sales for Its Splendor model. Strategies followed by hero honda Premium pricing, penetration pricing, economy pricing, and price skimming are the four main pricing policies/strategies. They form the bases for the exercise. However there are other important approaches to pricing. Promotion: Below the Line Promotion: „Below The Line is a common technique used for touches and feel products. Those consumer items where the customer will rely on immediate information than previously researched items. Below The Line techniques ensure recall of the brand while at the same time highlighting the features of the product. ‘Honda’ was already a household name in India. Hence, rather than putting major efforts into brand building, its marketing strategy emphasized on offering innovative products at competitive prices, novel promotional campaigns and developing an extensive distribution network†¦ So at last we can say that hero Honda is having a very good promotional strategy and this is the main reason of its success. It basically focuses on its customer satisfaction and from time to time it keep on showing its creativity and innovation It â€Å"However, we will stay true to our winning strategy, and keep refreshing our product portfolio and continue to invest in brand building. â€Å"One of the key pillars of hero honda strategy has been to consistently keep introducing new, advanced products and maintaining a balanced product portfolio.